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Chapter 1
Psychology: The Evolution of a Science Flashcards Learn Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nativism | the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn |
| phrenology | a now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain |
| introspection | the subjective observation of one's own experience |
| psychoanalysis | a therapeutic approach the focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders |
| humanistic psychology | an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings |
| cognitive neuroscience | a field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity |
| cultural psychology | the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members |
| psychology | the scientific study of mind and behavior |
| mind | our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings |
| behavior | observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals |
| philosophical empiricism | the philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience |
| physiology | the study of biological processes, especially in the human body |
| stimulus | sensory input from the environment |
| reaction time | the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus |
| consciousness | a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind |
| structuralism | the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind |
| functionalism | the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment |
| natural selection | Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations |
| hysteria | a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences |
| unconscious | the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| behaviorism | an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior |
| response | an action or physiological change elicited by stimulus |
| reinforcement | the consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again |
| illusions | errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality |
| gestalt psychology | a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts |
| cognitive psychology | the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning |
| behavioral neuroscience | an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes |
| evolutionary psychology | a psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection |
| social psychology | a subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior |
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