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Chapter 5
Consciousness
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Consciousness | The state of being aware of oneself, one's thoughts, and/or the environment. Can be altered by drugs to ease pain and anxiety. |
| Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener | Founded psychology as a science based on exploring consciousness and its contents. Structuralism |
| William James | Proposed consciousness as a “stream” that provides a sense of day-to-day continuity. Functionalism |
| John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner | insisted that psychology should only study observable behavior |
| Cognitive psychology; Studying Consciousness | Scientific study of conscious and unconscious mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, and language. |
| Optogenetics (used by Dr. Chandler); Studying Consciousness | Technology used to search for neurons that may act as switches for different states of consciousness.Can activate or deactivate neurons or groups of neurons over milliseconds to view affect on animal behavior. |
| Automatic processing | Some processing of sensory information occurs automatically without effort,awareness, or control.Without automatic processing we’d be overwhelmed with data. |
| Selective Attention | The ability to focus awareness on a small segment of information that is available through our sensory systems. With effort and awareness, we choose where and when to direct our attention. Influenced by emotion, age |
| Inattentional blindness | “looking without seeing” |
| Circadian Rhythm | a 24-hour cycle of physiological and behavioral functioning . The desire for sleep is greatest in the morning between 2:00 am- 6:00 am and 2:00 pm and 4:00 pm |
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus | the body's master clock, located in the hypothalamus Communicates, with other areas of the hypothalamus and the recticular formation, which regulates alertness and sleepiness. Receives signals from the eyes’ retinal ganglion cells. |
| Larks | Early Riser, energized and alert early in the morning. Weary by the end of the day. Prefer going to bed by 11:00pm and up by 8:00 pm |
| Owls | Late riser, energy level builds slowly throughout the day. Prefer staying up late and sleeping in. |
| Beta Waves (Stage W); The stages of sleep | Brain waves that indicate an alert, awake state |
| Alpha Waves;The stages of sleep | Brain waves that indicate a relaxed, drowsy state |
| Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM);The stages of sleep | Non dreaming sleep that occurs during three stages |
| Theta Waves ; The stages of sleep | Brain waves that indicate the early stage of sleep. |
| Delta Waves ;The stages of sleep | Brain waves that occur in slow-wave sleep, characterized by tall, low frequency waves . |
| Stages of Sleep | Four or five multistage sleep cycles each night, each lasting approximately 90 minutes |
| Non-REM Sleep (Non-Dreaming Sleep) | NREM 1: lightest stage of sleep; hypnagogic hallucinations NREM 2: sleep spindles and K-Complexes NREM 3: deep sleep; peak time for secretion of growth Hormone |
| REM Sleep (Dreaming Sleep) | Stage R: Characterized by bursts of eye movements with brain activity similar to that of a walking state, Lack of muscle tone, Vivid Illogical Dreams |
| Cycle of Sleep | NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3, NREM 2, REM |
| Narcolepsy | excessive daytime sleepiness which includes lapses into sleeping and napping |
| Cataplexy | an abrupt loss of strength or muscle tone that occurs when a person is awake. |
| Sleep Paralysis | temporary paralysis that strikes just before falling asleep or upon waking |
| Hypnagogic Hallucinations | hallucinations that occur at the transition between sleeping and waking. Includes visual, auditory, tactile, and kinetic sensations |
| Treating narcolepsy | Although several medications are available to help control symptoms there is no known cure. |
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | Repeated episodes of arousal often associated with vocalization and/or complex motor behaviors arising from REM sleep. Primarily affects older men 50 and up. |
| Breathing Related Sleep Disorders | The most common disorder of sleep apenea hypopnea , which is characterized by a complete absence of airflow (apenea) or reduced airflow (hypopnea). Breathing stops for 10 seconds or more. The brain responds by waking the body up and breathing. |
| Insomnia | inability to fall or stay asleep. results in sleepiness and often difficulties with cognitive tasks. related to stress, anxiety, jet lag, aging, drug use, chronic pain. |
| Sleepwalking | occurs during NREM (3) sleep |
| Sleep terrors | sleep disturbances primarily affecting children. crying hysterically, breathing rapidly, sweating. No memory of episode the next day. Typically children outgrow them. |
| Nightmares | Frightening dreams that occur in REM sleep. Unlike the sleep terrors, nightmares can often be recalled in vivid detail. Happens to people who have a lot of daily stressors. |
| Short Term Sleep Deprivation | causes rapid deterioration of mental/physical well being. |
| Long Term Sleep Deprivation | causes heart disease, diabetes, weight gain, weakened immune system. |
| Three Theories of Sleep | Restorative theory: to grow Evolutionary: necessary to survive Consolidation of memories and learning. |
| Psychoanalysis and Dreams | Freud proposed that dreams are a form of wish fulfillment, or a playing out of unconscious desires |
| Two levels of content | Manifest: the remembered story line of a dream Latent: the hidden meaning of a dream |
| Activation Synthesis Model | Random neural REM sleep is given meaning by our minds |
| Neurocognitive Theory of dreams | similarities of thinking while awake and dreaming |
| Dream Content | Most ordinary, everyday scenarios. More likely to include sad events than happy ones. Relatively consistent across cultures. |
| Dream Duration | The average person starts dreaming about 90 minutes into sleep and then goes on to have about four to six dreams during the night. dreams seem to happen in real time |
| Psychoactive drugs | substances that change conscious experiences. caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, prescription medication. Three categories: depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens |
| Depressants | class of psychoactive drugs that depress or slow down activity in the central nervous system |
| Benzodiazepines | Rohypnol (“roofies”) is legally manufactured in other countries, but is illegal in the United States. Example: Versed, Valium, Xanax |
| Barbiturates | A type of sedative that has a calming or sleep-inducing effect. Addictive and extremely dangerous when taken in excess or mixed with other drugs. |
| Opioids | Minimize perceptions of pain, induces drowsiness and euphoria, and slows breathing. Examples: Some are found in nature (morphine, from the poppy plant) while others are synthesized (methadone, made in the lab). |
| Alcohol | The Most Commonly Used Depressant |
| Stimulants | Increase neural activity in the sympathetic nervous system, producing heightened alertness, energy, elevated mood, and other effects |
| Cocaine | Produces a sense of energy and euphoria. Amplifies the effects of dopamine. Effects last from a few minutes to an hour (depending on its administration) |
| Amphetamines | Stimulate the release of the brain's pleasure-producing neurotransmitter dopamine. Chronic meth use causes serious brain damage in the frontal lobes and other areas, creating memory and movement problems. |
| Caffeine | Blocks action of neurotransmitter (adenosine) that normally muffles activity of excitatory neurons in brain. Makes person feel physically and mentally wired. |
| Tobacco | Causes most premature deaths in the United States. Smoking is associated with a variety of ailments, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and kidney failure. Nicotine sparks the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| Hallucinogens | A group of psychoactive drugs that can produce hallucinations, distorted sensory experiences, alterations of mood, and distorted thinking |
| Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (Special K) | developed to block pain in surgical patients during the 1950s and 1960s. |
| Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) | Synthetically produced, odorless, tasteless, and colorless hallucinogen that is very potent. Produces extreme changes in sensations and perceptions |
| Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (Ecstasy) | Has “unusual sociability-enhancing effects”. Ecstasy triggers a sudden general unloading of serotonin in the brain, after which serotonin activity is temporarily depleted until its levels are restored. |
| Marijuana | Marijuana comes from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa.Contains tetrahydracannabinol (THC), which alters pain perception, induces mild euphoria, and creates intense sensory experiences and time distortions |
| Physiological Dependence | With constant use of some psychoactive drugs, the body no longer functions normally without the drug. Withdrawl, Tolerance, Delirium tremens (DTs) |
| Psychological Dependence | With constant use of some psychoactive drugs, a strong desire or need to continue using the substance occurs without the evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms. Pleasant effects & Urge or craving |
| Hypnosis | An altered state of consciousness allowing for changes in perceptions and behaviors that result from suggestions made by a hypnotist |
| Hypnosis affects | ability to focus intently, ignoring all extraneous stimuli, heightened imagination, an unresisting and receptive attitude, decreased pain awareness, high responsivity to suggestions |
| Theories of Hypnosis | Hypnotized people experience a split in awareness or consciousness. Hypnosis is a role-playing exercise, not a distinct state of consciousness. |
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