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Psych 2:Neuroscience
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| action potential | brief electrical charge that travels down axon |
| threshold | the amount of stimulation needed to trigger a neural impulse |
| all-or-none response | the principle that either a neuron fires or it doesn't |
| hyperpolarization | change in cell's membrane potential, making it more negative (increases threshold required for AP) |
| depolarization | change in overall charge of cell, making it less negative compared to outside |
| reuptake | when the secreted neurotransmitters go back into their terminal branches of axon |
| sodium-potassium pumps | enzyme in cell membrane that exchanges sodium (Na) for K |
| agonist | molecule that stimulates a response when it binds to a receptor site |
| antagonist | a molecule that inhibits a response when it binds to a receptor site |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messengers secreted by one neuron to another neuron through the synaptic gap |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory |
| dopamine | neurotransmitter that influences emotion, movement, learning, and attention |
| serotonin | neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal |
| norepinephrine | neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal |
| GABA | a major inhibitory neurotransmitter |
| glutamate | a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory |
| medulla oblangata | base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing |
| reticular formation | neuron network that extends from spinal chord up to thalamus, |
| thalamus | top of brain; hub for seeing, hearing, tasting, and touching signals (not smell) going places |
| pons | relays messages from the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum controls other automatic functions |
| cerebellum | deals with balance, muscle activity, time perception, nonverbal learning, regulates motion |
| amygdala | emotions |
| hypothalamus | controls eating, endocrine system, linked to PROCESSING emotion and reward, maintenance of body functions |
| hippocampus | part of the brain involved in memory (part of limbic system), emotion, automatic nervous system |
| frontal lobe | part of cerebral cortex; speaking, muscle movement, plans, judgement, personality |
| parietal lobe | receives sensory input for touch and body position |
| occipital lobe | vision |
| temporal lobe | hearing/auditory ability from opposite ear |
| motor cortex | voluntary movements |
| sensory cortex | front of parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
| broca's area | speaking ABILITY (but not hearing/perception of speech) |
| wernicke's area | language RECEPTION (understanding/perception of language) |
| pituitary gland | most important endocrine gland, influenced by hypothalamus, master gland |
| adrenal gland | endocrine glands that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in times of stress |
| plasticity | brains ability to change, especially after damage, by reorganizing or building new pathways |
| corpus callosum | the network of neural fibers that connects both hemispheres |
| left hemisphere | side of brain that controls the right side of our body |
| right hemisphere | side of brain that controls the left side of our body |
| electroencephalogram (EEG) | a readout of brain waves responding to a repeatedly presented stimulus |
| positron emission tomography scan (PET) | radioactive glucose is hogged by active neurons, and scans track gamma rays released by consumption of glucose, showing "hot spots" where the brain is most active during certain tasks |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | a radio-wave impulse momentarily disorients the atoms of brain molecules, and when the molecules return to normal spin, they emit signals that provide detailed pic of soft tissue (including brain) |
| functional MRI (fMRI) | a type of MRI that reveals brain's functioning and its structure by seeing where oxygen-rich blood flows in the brain |
Created by:
CeceliaG
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