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Pharm 101 ex 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Controlled substances | Drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction. |
| Drug enforcement administration DEA | Concerns only with controlled substances, enforces laws against drug activities, monitors need for changing the schedules of abuse drugs |
| Drug standards | Rules set to assure consumers that they get what they pay for. |
| Food and drug administration FDA | Testing drugs before release, inspectingg Plants were food, drugs, and medical devices or cosmetics are made. Reviews new drug applications. Ensures labeling of foods cosmetics and drugs. Concerned with general safety standards in the production of all of |
| National drug code in NDC | First five numbers identifies manufacturer. Second part for numbers identifies the drug. Last two numbers identifies package size. |
| Orphan drugs | A special category of drugs that have been identified to help treat patients with rare diseases |
| Over the counter medication | Any medicine that can be bought without a prescription |
| Drug actions | The cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug |
| Adverse reactions | Harmful, unintended, usually unpredicted reactions to a drug administered at the normal dosage |
| Drug cautions | A list of conditions or types of patient that warrant close observation or specific side effects when given the drug |
| Drug classifications | Subcategories of drugs based on the effect of the body. Example anti-pyretic reduces fever or anti-inflammatory reduces inflammation |
| Generic names | When a drug company produces a similar drug to the market it is given a generic name to the product after testing and approval by the FDA. Generic drugs keep their trade name for five years |
| Drug indications | List of conditions in which a drug is meant to be used |
| Legend drug | Drug that requires a prescription for dispensing |
| Official name of drug | The name under which a drug is listed in one of the official publications like the United States Pharmacopiea |
| Pharmacology | The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems |
| Prototype drug | The well understood drug model with which other drugs and it’s class are compared |
| Side effects | Reactions to Medication other than the one intended |
| Taulman lettering | Uppercase letters used with a drug name to highlight differences between look-alike drug names. |
| Trade name of drugs | Name by which a pharmaceutical company identifies its product, copyrighted and used exclusively by that company, distinguished from the generic name by capitalize first letter. |
| Adverse drug reaction | Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages |
| Anaphylactic reaction | Severe reaction occurring immediately after exposure to a drug characterized by respiratory distress and vascular collapse |
| Chemo informatics | Computer technology, statistics, and mathematics to study information about the structure of molecules, speeds up development of drugs |
| Cumulative effect | Condition that occurs when the body cannot metabolize a drug before additional doses are administered |
| Dependence | The condition that results when the brain develops a chemical need for a drug and cannot function normally without it |
| Dosage | A mountain frequency of a medication that may be given safely |
| Drug interactions | The fact that may occur when the drug is giving along with another drug food or substance |
| Hypersensitivity | An exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance |
| Idiosyncratic reaction | An abnormal or unexpected response to a medication other than an allergic reaction that is peculiar to an individual |
| Keep being open KVO | A slow rate of IV fluid administration used to maintain patency of the IV for quick access or medication delivery |
| Local effect | A response to a medication confined to a specific part of the body |
| Paradoxical reaction | The result of medical treatment that yields the exact opposite of normally expected results |
| Pharmacogenomics | The study of how genetic inheritance affect the body’s response to drugs |
| Placebo effect | The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior |
| Pro drugs | Drugs that are administered in an inactive form which is metabolized into an active form, the resulting metabolites produce the desired therapeutic effects |
| Drug sources | Plants, animals, Synthetic chemicals, genetically engineered |
| Systemic effect | Reaches widespread areas of the body |
| Teratogenic | Don’t you have potential to cause developmental defects in a fetus |
| Therapeutic range | Concentration of drug in the blood stream that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity |
| Tolerance | Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of drug, requiring the user to take larger doses |
| Capsule | Drug contained within a gelatin type container, easier to swallow the non-coated tablets, double chamber may be pulled apart to add to drug powder or foods |
| Drug forms | The type of preparation in which a drug is supplied examples are capsules, elixir, suppository, suspension, tablet. |
| Elixir | Fluid extract. Liquid drug forms with alcohol base |
| Enema | Placement of a solution into the rectum and colon. |
| Emulsion | Liquid drug preparation that contains oils and fats in water |
| Enteric coated tablet | A tablet for oral use coated with materials that do not dissolve in your stomach, dissolves in the intestine were absorption takes place |
| Inhalation drug forms | Forms of a drug to be inhaled by the respiratory system usually through a specialized device such as a metered dose inhaler spray or mist |
| Injectable drug forms | Liquid, powder, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, epidural, intraosseous, intraventricular, interspinal, intracapsular, |
| Oral drug forms | Drugs manufactured to be given via the oral route such as tablets, solutions, and capsules |
| Lozenge | Medicated tablet artist that dissolves in the mouth |
| Parenteral | Taken into the body or administered in a manner other than through the digestive track |
| Reconstitution | To mix a liquid and a powder to form a suspension or solution |
| Rectal drug forms | Suppository and enema |
| Route of delivery | The way that drugs are taken into the body |
| Solution | Liquid drug form in which the drug is totally and evenly dissolved |
| Suppository | Drug suspended in a substance such as cocoa butter that melts at body temperature |
| Suspension | Liquid form of medication that must be shaken well before administration because of particles settling at bottom of the bottle |
| Sustained release capsule or tablet | Medication with a coding to deliver a dose over an extended period of time |
| Syrup | Sweetened flavored liquid drug form |
| Tablet | Discs of compressed drug. Variety of shapes and colors, maybe coded to and pants easy swallowing and may be scored |
| Topical drug forms | Drugs for dermal application and drugs for mucosal application |
| Cream or ointment | Semi solid preparation containing a drug for external application |
| Lotion | Or treatment of skin disorders should be padded not rubbed |
| Liniment | Rubbed on skin as a counter irritant |
| Transdermal patch | And adhesive patch placed on the skin to administer a specific dose of medication into the bloodstream |
| Factors that affect drug therapy | Age, body weight, gender, metabolic rate, Psychology, tolerance, dependence, cumulative effect. |
| Why drugs are classified as controlled substances | To isolate the abused and addicting drugs to five levels our schedules according to the medical value, harmfulness, and potential for abuse or addiction |
| Organ is responsible for each of the kinetic stages | Liver, G.I. tract, lungs, and kidneys |
| Factors that affect drug distribution | Membrane permeability, tissue perfusion, protein binding, volume of distribution |
| Oral route | Convenient, high surface absorption. Not suitable for unconscious patient low solubility |
| Sublingual route | Rapid absorption, small dose limit, inconvenience for some patience |
| Inhalation route | Bypasses liver, large surface of absorption. Difficulties in regulating exact amount, difficulties administering |
| Rectal route | Bypasses liver, useful for children or older people, drug really slow and steady. Unpredictable absorption, not well accepted by patient |
| Intravenous | Direct access to blood central compartment, rapid onset of action. Risk of infection and overdose, risk of being damaged, limited to certain drugs. |
| Intramuscular route | Depo or sustained affect if possible. Unpredictable or incomplete absorption, train professional is needed |
| Subcutaneous route | Can be self administered, slow, generally complete absorption. Painful, tissue damage, Max to ML injections |
| Lanacane | benzocaine , local anesthetic |
| Benadryl | diphenhydramine, antihistamine |
| Diprolene | betamethasone, Topical corticosteroid |
| Lotrimin | clotrimazole, antifungal |
| Nizoral | ketoconazole, antifungal |
| Mycostatin | nystatin, antifungal |
| Zovirax | acyclovir, Antiviral |
| Bactroban | mopirocin, Topical antibiotic |
| Claravis | Isotretinoin, Acne medication |
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