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Radiation Biology
Quiz 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain Dose Equivalent and what it is measured in | Whole Body dose(AKA Equivalent dose & deep dose) measured in Sv |
| Explain Gy | Gy(Gray) is a unit in radiation measurement. It is the patients dose. It is the absorbed dose |
| Explain Sv | Sv(Sieverts) is a unit of radiation measurement. It is your dose(occupational) |
| What is used to measure dose equivalent? | Sv |
| What is Per Unit Mass measured in? | Gy |
| What type of cells are somatic cells? | non reproductive cells |
| what type of cells are germ cells? | reproductive cells |
| are germ cells or somatic cells more radiosensitive? | germ cells |
| explain what high proliferation cells are | cells that are rapidly turning over(have a high turnover rate) and are very active-also very radiosensitive |
| Give an example of a high proliferation cell | Cells in GI tract. (only alive for 24-48 hours) |
| Explain stem cells | immature cells, no specific function. Very radiosensitive |
| explain the difference between differentiated and undifferentiated cells | differentiated cells have a specific function, while undifferentiated cells do not. undifferentiated are more radiosensitive |
| do xrays or gamma rays have a higher energy level? | gamma rays |
| what type of radiation are xrays and gamma rays | very high energy level-high energy ultraviolet radiation |
| what is radiation dose | the amount of ionizing radiation transferred to electrons |
| what happens every time you receive radiation? | your body goes through some sort of biological damage |
| give examples of somatic effects | skin erythema, cataracts, radiation induced maligancies |
| decribe skin erythema | reddening of skin due to radiation exposure-when you hit threshold |
| what is the time period for skin erythema to show up | between a few hours after exposure or have a delayed effect and show up 10 days later |
| what is the dose amount for skin erythema | 3Gy or more |
| what is AAPM | American Association of Physicists in Medical -write articles about radiation protection and make recommendations -no legislative power |
| NCRP | National Council of Radiation Protection -write articles about radiation protection and make recommendations -no legislative power |
| NRC | Nuclear Regulatory Commision -Federal |
| what are agreement states | states that are in agreement to follow the NRC |
| What are Mutations | Cellular damage that can either be permanent or repairable |
| What are cataracts | long term effects of radiation, a form of cellular damage due to radiation exposure |
| how long does it take cataracts to develop | about 20 years |
| what is leukemia | a form of cancer. most of the early radiologists died from |
| what is leukemias latent period | 5-7 years |
| what is the EqD that may cause a decrease in lymphocytes and be the minimum dose that would show up in blood to determine radiation poisoning(threshold reached) | .25 Sv |
| what are some of the most radiosensitive cells in your body | Lymphocytes |
| Describe Equivalent dose | average dose(dose absorbed in biological tissue). Includes type and energy. Takes the dose for all types of radiation into account |
| why dose each organ have a weighting factor | because each organ has a different density, therefore differences in absorption. Weighting factor helps with more accurate dose calculation |
| What are alpha particles | helium 2 protons 2 neutrons low penetrating ability |
| do alpha particles or beta particles do more biological damage | alpha |
| what are beta particles | electrical charge is -1 -fast electrons |
| where are beta and alpha particles emitted from | nucleus of an atom |
| what type of radiation can act as a wave or like a particulate radiation | electromagnetic radiation |
| explain a wave | it can act without a medium -it can sit in a glass enveloope and you would still have electromagnetic radiation |
| do particles need a medium to exist? | yes |
| we would not have xray without _____ | electromagnetic radiation |
| what does a linear accelerator produce | produces high speed electrons |
| what is a linear accelerator used to treat | skin lesions and breast tumors smaller than 5-6cm |
| what type of atom do protons have | hydrogen atom |
| what is considered the "Z" number | protons |
| what is an important target for damage from ionizing radiation | DNA |
| is radiation cumulative? | yes, it keeps building |
| when is repair most efficient | at low radiation doses |
| what can faulty repair lead to | mutations |
| what does health outcome depend on | how much energy is deposited in a cell |
| explain absorbed dose | energy absorbed by a portion of the body -how much radiation was absorbed -per unit mass |
| what is the unit for Joules per Kilogram | Gray(Gy) |
| what is CT dose measured in | milligray(mGy) |
| how many milligrays in 1 gray | 1000 |
| explain air kerma | kinetic energy released in matter, measure of dose in air |
| where is kinetic energy measured | in air |
| what unit is air kerma measured in | Gray(Gy) |
| is air kerma a measure of patient dose? | NO |
| explain effective dose | dose to specific organ, applies correction(tissue weighting factor) |
| what is effective dose measured in | Sieverts(Sv) |
| how many millisieverts in one sievert | 1000 |
| what is the tissue weighting factor for the lung | 0.05 |
| 100mGy to lung is approximately equal to how many mSv | 5mSv effective dose |
| describe deterministic effects | has a threshold. assoc. w/ large doses, occurs over short period(days-weeks), effects are seen in local tissue(skin) |
| what happens with deterministic effects as dose increases | the effect worsens |
| describe stochastic effects | cancer and genetic effects,occurs over a long period of time(years-centuries) takes many generations for effects to emerge. effects do not worsen with increased dose-unclear threshold |
| a non threshold dose is | not dose dependent |
| what is radiation hormesis | it means a little bit of radiation is good for you(sunlight) |
| what is the largest radiation | xray |
| besides knowledge of dose, what are other predictors of biological response to radiation | dose and dose rate, sensitivity varies by individual, type of tissue irritated, certain environmental factors |
| what is protracted dose | you received the dose all at once |
| does segmented or protracted dose cause the most damage? | protracted-no time for body to catch up and heal |
| what is segmented(frationed) dose | what radiation therapy patients get. dose is spread out between different times and days so your body has time to recover from effects of radiation |
| Describe dose area product(DAP) and what it is measured in | DAP is the total energy delivered by the tube and reported in units of Gy x cm2. it is related to stochastic effects not deterministic |
| describe entrance skin dose and why it is important | it is an estimate of radiation dose to the skin where the xray beam enters the patient(first interaction). it is important because it is going to be the highest dose due to it being closet to the beam |
| according to inverse square law, as the size of the beam _____, the intensity _____ | increases, decreases |
| what are diagnostic reference levels | standards of what a dose should be depending on the exam |
| what does RSO stand for | radiation officer |
| what does RSO do | execution, enforcement, and maintenance |
| what are the 3 cardinal rules | time, distance, shielding |
| how much lead should be in lead aprons | 1mm or its equivalent |
| how much lead should be in thyroid shields | .5mm |
| how much lead should be in gloves or accessories | .25mm |
| what is included in entrance skin exposure | glandular and skin dose(highest dose) |
| why is bone marrow dose important | marrow produces RBCs(hemoglobin) |
| what is BERT | Background equivalent radiation time-compares the amount of radiation received with background radiation over a specific time |
| what is BERTs main concern | public radiation protection |
| what is TRACE | Tools for radiation awareness and community education -reports dosage and creates greater awareness of radiation dosage |
| what is absorption | absorbed per unit mass -EM(electromagnetic) energy is transferred from xrays to the atoms of the patients biological material -transfer of energy to the patient |
| what is the name for the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass | absorbed dose |
| what is the biggest producer of scatter | patient |
| what does minimal patient dose result in | scatter radiation |
| describe attenuation | reduction in the number of primary photons. it is dependent on absorption(loss of energy) and scatter(change in direction). it is affected by beam energy(kVp) and atomic number of tissue(tissue density) |
| what is the difference between attenuation and absorbed dose | attenuation is reduction of primary photons |
| what is small angle scatter | a photons path to the IR bends-part of image formation |
| what is fog | made from small angle scatter and is an undesirable additional exposure |
| how do you fix fog? | reduce your FOV |
| what is linear attenuation coeficcient | probability that a given xray will be attenuated 1cm |
| what does high value of linear coefficient do to attenuation? | increases attenuation |
| what is linear attenuation dependent on | low energy atomic density |
| what are interactions of photons with biological tissue based on | they are based on probability(random), NOT dose (non threshold) |
| how many Sv in 1 Gy | 1 |
| what is the difference between Gy and Sv | Gy is absorbed dose, Sv is occupational worker |
| what is somatic damage | result of excessive occupational radiation exposure for early pioneers and excessive exposure of patients |
| what are some examples of somatic damage | radiodermatitis, desquamation, skin erythema, non reproductive cells |
| what are examples of early deterministic somatic effects | nausea, fatigue, redness, loss of hair, intestinal disorders, blood disorders, fever, shedding out outer layer of skin |
| what are some long term effects | cataracts, reduced fertility |
| what are some late deterministic stochastic effects | cancer, genetic(hereditary) effects |
| what is another name for tolerance dose | threshold dose |
| what is the quantity for xray or gamma rays | exposure(X) air kerma |
| what is the SI unit for xray or gamma rays | coulombs per kilogram(C/kg)-for exposure Gray(Gy) for air kerma |
| what is the measuring medium for xray or gamma ray | air |
| what is the radiation effect measured for xray or gamma ray | ionization of air |
| what is the quantity for all ionizing radiations | absorbed dose air kerma equivalent dose(EqD) Effective dose(EfD) |
| what is the SI unit for all ionizing radiations | Gray(Gy for absorbed dose and air kerma) Sievert(Sv) for EqD and EfD) |
| what is the measuring medium for ionizing radiations | any object-absorbed dose and air kerma body tissue for EqD and EfD |
| what is the radiation effect measured for ionizing radiations | amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object(air kerma and absorbed dose) biological effects for EqD and EfD) |
| describe exposure(X) | radiation quantity that expresses the concentration of radiation delivered to a specific area, such as the surface of the human body) |
| what does the electrometer collect (standard, free-air, ionization chamber) | radiation(measures) |
Created by:
hollerkylee19
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