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chapter 2: Matter
This is a review over chapter two in the Physical Science 6th edition textbook.
| Question/Term | Answer/definition | Answer 2 | Answer 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Why do we classify matter? | Classifying systems provide a structure within which we can conduct a scientific study. | |||
| what three properties make up matter? | Physical | Chemical | Nuclear | |
| What are the two types of pure substances? | elements | compound | ||
| define element | pure substances consisting of atoms with the same atomic number. | |||
| define compound | pure substances consisting of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined. | atoms always combine in the same proportion | ||
| define mixture | A physical combination of two or more substances in a changeable ratio. | |||
| What are the two types of mixtures? | Homogeneous | heterogeneous | ||
| define homogeneous mixture | has a uniform appearance and the substances are evenly distributed through the mixture. | |||
| define heterogeneous mixture | has a non-uniform appearance and the substances are not evenly distributed. | |||
| what were the two competing models of matter in ancient Greece? | The atomists: Believed all matter was made of invisible atoms and nothing existed between them. (The Void) | Aristotle's belief was that matter consisted of a continuum that could be infinitely cut without changing the characteristics of that matter. | ||
| Which model of matter is still in use today? | The atomists model of matter | |||
| Define atom | The building block to which all matter is constructed upon. | It consists of protons, electrons, and neutrons | ||
| Define molecule | A distinct group of two or more atoms covalently bonded together. | |||
| Compare atoms and molecules | Atoms are the building blocks of matter, while molecules are groupings of atoms covalently boded together. | |||
| Define mass | The amount of matter in an object | |||
| Define volume | The space enclosed or occupied by an object | |||
| Define Density | The mass of matter contained within a particular volume | |||
| What is the formula for density? | d=m/V | |||
| What is the formula for mass? | m=V x d | |||
| What is the formula for Volume? | V = m/d | |||
| Particle model of matter | States that all physical matter exists in the form of particles (atoms or molecules) in constant motion. | |||
| law of definite proportions | every definite compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions by weight. | |||
| Define Brownian motion | the erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of continuous bombardment from molecules of the surrounding medium. | |||
| Define Diffusion | the movement of individual molecules of a substance through a semipermeable barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration | |||
| How is brownian motion related to the particle model of matter? | Brown observed how when pollen grains were placed in a beaker of water, they were jiggling around randomly due to bouncing off of particles found in the water. The particle model states exactly what Brown had observed with the pollen grains in the water. | |||
| Define weight | the measure of gravity acting on the matter in an object | |||
| Compare mass and weight | Mass doesn't change on the bias of location, and is the measure of matter in an object | weight changes on the bias of location, and is the measure of gravity acting on an object | ||
| What are the four most common states of matter? | solid | liquid | gas (vapor) | plasma |
| Define solid | State of matter in which particles vibrate in fixed positions, giving a substance a fixed shape and volume. | |||
| characteristics of a solid | Close particle spacing, and particles vibrate in place | the volume and shape is fixed | the compressibility is low, and density is high | it is not a fluid |
| Characteristics of a liquid | Close particle spacing, and particles slide past each other | The volume is fixed, and it is able to take the shape of its container | the compressibility is low, and the density is between that of a solid and a gas | it is a fluid, and viscosity is present |
| Characteristics of a Gas | Widely spaced particles, and particles move at a high speed | The volume changes to fill the container, as does the shape | The compressibility is high and the density is low | it is a fluid, and there is pressure due to collisions with container surface. |
| Define plasma | a gas-like state of matter, formed at very high temperatures that consist of high-energy ions and free electrons. It is the state of matter of the sun and stars. | |||
| What are the two types of solids? | Crystalline | Amorphous | ||
| Define crystalline solid | Solids with particles arranged in regular repeating patterns, or lattices | |||
| Define amorphous solids | solids that consist of a mass of particles with no discernible pattern | |||
| Define physical property | anything about a substance that can be observed or meatured without altering the substance's chemical composition. | |||
| Types of physical properties | Ductility: the ability of a solid material to be pulled into a wire | malleability: the ability of some solid materials to be hammered or pressed into sheets | Conductivity: the ease with which a material allows the transfer of either electrical or thermal energy | Luster: the quality of how a material reflects light |
| Define physical change | any change in mater that does not alter the composition of a substance | |||
| Define chemical change | changes that alter the chemical composition of substances. | |||
| Types of chemical changes | reactivity: the degree to which a material will react with the other substances | flammability: the ability of a material to burn in the presence of oxygen. | ||
| Law of matter | Matter can neither be created nor destroyed, but can change forms. | |||
| Define melting | The change of state from a solid to a liquid | |||
| Define Freezing | the change of state from a liquid to a solid | |||
| Define vaporization | The change of state from a liquid of a vapor | |||
| Types of vaporization | evaporation | boiling | ||
| Define evaporation | A relatively slow form of vaporization in which particles on the surface of the liquid state obtain sufficient energy to change to the gaseous state through the random collision of particles. | |||
| Define Boiling | The realitively fast form of vaporization in which particles creates a pressure equal to the air pressure outside liquid as the substance is heated. | |||
| Define Condensation | The change of state from a vapor to liquid, caused when gas loses energy to their surroundings and particles slow down, to the point where particles get trapped in liquid state. | |||
| Define Sublimation | Occurs when particles get enough energy to change to vapor. It accurs only at the surface of a solid. |
Created by:
hihello2007
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