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SocPsych Theme 1-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| heuristics | simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a rapid & efficient manner (mental shortcuts) |
| prototype | a list of attributes commonly possessed by members of each of these occupations |
| representativeness heuristic | a shortcut we use to judge the probability of an event or object by making conclusions about something in connection to a group |
| base rates | the frequency with which given events or categories occur in the total population |
| availability heuristic | the easier it is to bring info to mind the greater its impact on decisions/judgements |
| anchoring & adjustment | involves the tendency to deal with uncertainty in many situations by using something as a starting point (anchor) |
| encoding | the processes we use to store noticed info |
| priming | temporary increases in the accessibility of specific schemas |
| unpriming | a process by which thoughts or actions primed by a recent experience dissipate once they find expression |
| controlled processing | social thought that is systematic, logical & highly effortful manner |
| automatic processing | social thought that is fast, relatively effortless & intuitive manner |
| counterfactual thinking | what might have been thinking, influences our sympathy |
| mood congruence effects | refers to the fact that current moods strongly determine which information in a given situation is noticed and then entered into memory |
| mood-dependent memory | reflects what specific information is retrieved from memory by experiencing a certain mood |
| covariation theory | theory that states we focus on 3 types of info: consesnus, consistency & distinctiveness |
| correspondence bias/fundamental attribution error | tendency to explain others’ actions as stemming from (corresponding to) their dispositions, even in the presence of clear situational causes |
| actor-observer effect | tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational (external) causes, but the behavior of others to dispositional (internal) causes |
| classical conditioning | direct route involving pairing positive sitmuli with profuct or indirect with pairing two things so they are thought of together |
| subliminal conditioning | classical conditioning that occurs in the absence of conscious awareness of the stimuli involved |
| mere exposure | having seen an object before but too rapidly to remember having seen it |
| instrumental conditioning (operant conditioning) | attitudes acquired through differential rewards and punishments |
| observational learning | when individuals acquire attitudes or behaviors simply by observing others |
| theory of planned behaviour | the decision to engage in a particular behaviour is the result of rational process |
| systematic processing (central route to persuasion) | processing involving careful consideration of message content & the ideas it constraints |
| heuristic processing (peripheral route to persuasion | processing involving use of mental short cuts |
| reactance | negative reaction to efforts by other to reduce our freedom by getting us to believe or do what they want |
| selective avoidance | a tendency to direct our attention away from information that challenges our existing attitudes |
| cognitive dissonance | an unpleasant state that occurs when we notice our attitudes & behaviour are inconsistent |
| descriptive norms | norms that describe what most people do in a given situation |
| injunctive norms | norms that specify how people ought to behave (approved vs disapproved) |
| normative social influence | the altering of our behaviour to meet others expectations |
| informational social influence | our tendency to depend on others as a source of info about aspects of the social world |
| social identity theory | a theory that states we can perceive ourselves differently at given moment in time depending on where we are on the personal-versus-social identity continuum |
| salience | the part of our identity that is the focus of our attention |
| intragroup comparison | comparisons with other individuals who share our group membership |
| intergroup comparison | comparison using contrasts between groups |
| downward social comparison | own performance is compared with someone who is less capable than you |
| upward social comparison | own performance compared to someone with more capability than you |
| dunbars number | the max number of social relationships a person can maintain with cognitive limit (150) |
| affective forecasts | predictions of how we would feel about an event we have not experiences are often inaccurate |
| foot-in-the-door technique | a compliance tactic that assumes agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a second, larger request |
| door-in-the-face technique | a compliance method whereby the persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down |
| halo effect | the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, brand or product in one area to positively influence one's opinion or feelings in other areas |
| repeated exposure effect | the more often we are exposed to a new stimulus the more favorable our evaluation becomes |
| direct effect | what another person says or does effects how much you like them |
| indirect effect/associated effect | liking/disliking has to do with unrelated events or people, person is present at the same time |
| similarity hypothesis | states that perceivers empathize with targets similar to themselves, and, as a consequence, subsequent cognitive processing is facilitated |
| the similarity–dissimilarity effect | similarity tends to arouse positive feelings and dissimilarity tends to arouse negative feelings |
| the matching hypothesis | people are more likely to form and succeed in a committed relationship with someone who is equally socially desirable, typically in the form of physical attraction |
| social comparison theory | you compare your attitudes and beliefs with those of others because the only way you can evaluate the accuracy of your views and their “normality” is by finding that other people agree with you |
| Sternberg’s (1986) triangular model of love | 1. intimacy, 2. passion, 3. decision/commitment |
| attachement style | the degree of security an individual feels in interpersonal relationships |
| secure attachment style | high in both self-esteem and trust |
| fearful-avoidant attachement style | low in both self-esteem and interpersonal trust |
| a preoccupied attachement style | Low self-esteem combined with high interpersonal trust |
Created by:
veda1
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