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APch7
The Skeleton
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Axial Skeleton | 80 bones, skull, vertebral column & thoracic. Forms longitude axis of body supports head, neck, and trunk. Protects brain spinal cord and organs in thorax |
| Two groups of bones that form skull | cranial, facial |
| Function of cranium | enclose protect brain and furnish attachment points to head and neck |
| 5 Functions of facial bones | 1. form framework of face 2. contain cavities of special sense organs 3. provide air and food passage 4. secure teeth 5. anchor favial muscles of expression |
| What is the cavity that houses the brain? | Cranial Cavity |
| Name the cavities that house the eyeballs | orbits |
| How many openings in the skull and most important provide passageways for? | spinal cord , major blood vessels, 12 pairs of cranial nerves |
| 8 Cranial bones | Parietal 2x, Temporal 2x, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| Frontal Bone | forms the forehead, part of the orbits and most of the anterior part of the cranium |
| Parietal Bones | Form sides and roof of cranium |
| Suture | An immovable fibrous joint w exception of bones of skull |
| 4 major sutures, specific cranial bones they unite | 1.coronal suture- parietal bones meet frontal bone anteriorly.2.sagittal suture-parietal superiorly at cranial midline 3 lamboid suture- parietal meet occipital posteriorly 4. squamous suture- parietal and temporal bones meet on lateral aspect of skull |
| Occipital bone forms what? | the posterior and most of the base of the cranium |
| What parts connect through the foramen magnum? | inferior part of brain connects w spinal cod |
| occipital condyles articulate with? | depressions called superior articular facets on the first cervical vertebra (the atlas ) to form ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINT permits nodding |
| External occipital protuberance | knob like projection, has ridges lines, secures ligamentum nuchae, connects vertebrae to skull, anchors many back and neck muscles |
| Temporal Bones form what? | sides and part of floor of cranium, form part of zygomatic arch |
| Squamous region of temporal | large flattened lateral part |
| Zygomatic process | articulates w temporal process of zygomatic bone forms zygomatic arch |
| Mandibular fossa | small oval inferior surface of zygomatic process recieves condyle of mandible forms moveable tempomandibular joint |
| Tympanic region surrounds what? | external acoustic meatus (external Ear canal) Includes styloid process- an attachment point for sever toung and neck muscles . connects hyoid bone to skull |
| Mastoid region | Mastoid process anchors neck muscles can be felt posterior to ear. |
| Stylomastoid foramen | the styloid and mastoid processes which allow cranial nerve VII to leave skull |
| Petrous region | rocky ingerior surface of temporal bone looks like rocky mountain ridge. Contains middle and internal ear cavities |
| Jugular foramen | provides a passageway for internal jugular vein and 3 cranial nerves (IX,X,XI) |
| Internal acoustic meatus (internal auditory meatus) | Transmits Cranial nerves VII, VIII |
| Sphenoid Bone forms.. | Middle portion of base of skull, resembles bat, considered keystone of cranium, has central body w paired sphenoid sinuses |
| Hypophyseal fossa | seat of saddle (sella turcica) snug enclosure for pituitary gland |
| What do opdic canals allow? | cranial nerve II to pass to eyes |
| Superior orbital Fissure | long slit between greater and lesser wings, allows cranial nerves that control eye movements ( III,IV,VI) to enter orbits |
| Cribiform plates | help form roof of nasal cavities. Olfactory Foramina allow filaments of the olfactory nerves to pass from the smell receptors in the nasal cavities to the brain |
| What does Crista galli project between? | cribiform plates The outermost overing of the brain attaches to the crista gallli. |
| What does the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid form? | superior part of nasal spetum |
| Superior nasal chonchae | elongated curved scrolls of bone that cure in from lateral walls |
| Sutural bones | tiny irregularly shaped bones or bone clusters that occur with in sutures, most often lamboid |
| 14 Facial Bones | Vomer 1 Mandible 1 maxillae 2 zygomatics 2 nasals 2 lacrimals 2 palatines 2 inferior nasal conchae 2 |
| mandible | lower jaw bone- 2 uprigh RAMI – |
| coronoid process of each ramus is an insertion point for what? | large temporalis muscle that lower/elevates jaw while chewing |
| mandibular condyle articulates with what | mandibular fossa of temporal bone |
| Bones and parts that form temporomandibular joint | The posterior mandibular condyle articulates with mandibular fossa to form joint |
| Horizontal portion of mandible is the body and anchors? | lower teeth |
| Alveolar margin | |
| Mandibular symphysis | slight depression where mandibular bones fused during infancy |
| Mandibular foramina | located on medial surface of each ramus |
| Mental foramina | openings on lateral mandibular body allow for vessels/nerves pass skin of chin and lower lip |
| Maxillary bones | fused medially form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton |
| Alveolar margin | contains upper teeth |
| Palatine processes fuse medially forming what | anterior 2/3 of hard plate or bony roof of mouth |
| Zygomatic Bones | Cheek bones |
| Nasal Bones | fuse medially to form bridge of nose |
| Lacrimal bones | contain part of passageway that drains tears from surface of eye into surface of nasal cavity |
| Palatine bones | have horizontal plates that form the posterior part of the complete posterior portions of hard plate |
| Vomer | forms the interior part of nasal septum |
| Inferior nasal conchae | largest of 3 pairs, like other 2 (superior and inferior) form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity |
| Hyoid bone | inferior to mandible in the anterior of neck doesn’t articulate with another bone serves as movable base for tounge |
| Orbits | bony cavities which eyes are firmly encased along with muscles to move eyes, tear producing lacrimal glands |
| How many bones form wall of each orbit | 7 |
| Nasal cavity is divided into right and left by? | nasal septum |
| What forms the bony portion of the septum? | |
| What are nasal septum and conchae covered with? | mucus secreating mucosa which cleans moistens and warms the air breathed in |
| What is the function of the nasal conchae? | increase turbulence of air flowing through nasal cavity increasing mucosa ability to clean airborn particles |
| Bones of skull that contain paranasal sinuses | frontal, sphenoid,ethmoid,maxillary (2) paranasal sinuses function to lighten skull and enhance resonance of voice |
| Functions of vertebral column | axial support for trunk, surrounds protects delicate spinal cord provides attachment points for ribs and muscles of back and neck |
| 5 regions of vertebral colums | Cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) Sacrum (1) coccyx (1) |
| Normal Curvatures of vertebral column | cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral increases resilliance/flexibility allows to function like spring |
| Ligaments that assume role of holding vertebrae of column in place | anterior/ posterior longitudal ligaments. |
| Ligamentum Flavum | connects adjacent vertebrae contains elastic tissue |
| 2 Parts that form intervertebral disc | nucleus pulposus- acts like rubber ball give disc elasticity and compressibility, Anulus Fibrosus- strong collar composed of collagen fibers superficially and fibrocartilage internally- limits expansion shock absorber, flex and extend, bend laterally |
| Vertebral arch | extends posteriorly from the body, formed by pedicles and laminae |
| Pedicles | short bony pillars projecting posteriorly from vertebral body |
| Laminae | flatten plate that fuses in median plane complete arch (posteriorly) |
| Intervetebral Formina | lateral opening formed by notches between adjacent vertebra allows passage of spinal nerve |
| Vertebral Foramen | opening enclosed by the body and verebral arch |
| How many processes does a typical verebra have ? | 7 |
| Spinous process | median posterior projection arising at junction of 2 laminae |
| Transverse process | extends laterally from each side of vertebral arch. |
| Superior and inferior articular processes contain facets | smooth joint surfaces of articular process covered with hyaline cartilage, facets articulate with adjacent vertabra |
| How many Cervical Vertebra? | 7 C1-c7 |
| C3-C7 | typical cerv vertebra- body is oval wider from side to side, the spinous process is short, projects directly back and bifid (split) at tip *excluding c7* , vertebral foramen is large and triangular, transverse process contains transverse foreamen |
| Atlas | Ring of bone w anterior and posterior arches, no body , no spinous process |
| The deep concave superior articular facets of the atlas articulate with? | |
| Atlanto-occipital joint | atlas and occipital allows to nod yes |
| Axis | has dens, knob like projecting superiorly from body acts as pivot for rotation |
| Atlanto-axial Joint | atlas and axis shake head no |
| Thoracic Vertebrae articulate w? | ribs |
| Spinous process of thoracic vertebrae | long points sharply downward |
| Tranverse processes have facets for articulating with what parts of ribs? | tubercles of ribs |
| Pedicles and laminae of lumbar vertebrae | shoter thicker, spinous processes short/flat hatchet shaped robust project directly backward |
| The auricular surface of the sacrum articulates with the ilium of the two hip bones to form what joint? | sacroiliac joint |
| Coccyx | triangular consist of 4-5 fused vertabra |
| 4 structures that form thoracic cage | thoracic vertebra dorsally, ribs laterally, sternum and costal cartilage anteriorly |
| 3 parts of sternum | manubrium, the body, xiphoid process |
| What does sternum articulate with? | the clavicle and costal cartilages of ribs. |
| How many pairs of ribs? | 12 |
| True Ribs | 1st 7 pairs attach directly to sternum by individual costal cartilages (vertebrosternal) |
| False Ribs | 8-12 pairs attach to sternum indirectly each joining costal cartilage immediately above it (8,9,10 Vertebrochondral ribs) |
| Facet of the head of rib | articulates with body of vertebra |
| Tubercle of a rib | articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra |
| Intercostal spaces | spaces between ribs, they are occupied by intercostals muscles, which lift and depress thorax during breathing |
| Appendicular Skeleton | upper and lower appendages and bones of girdles |
| Pectoral girdle | shoulder girdle- clavicle (anteriorly) scapula (posteriorly) |
| Clavicles | collar bones, articulate with scapula |
| Spacula | shoulder blades thin, triangular flat |
| Acromion | point of shoulder |
| The acromion of the scapula articulates with the clavicle forming what joint? | acromioclavicular joing |
| Arm | Humerus |
| 3 Bones humerus articulate with | scapula, radius, ulna |
| Head of Humerus | smooth hemispherical articulates with Glenoid Cavity |
| Trochlea | Medial on distal end of humerus, looks like hour glass tipped on side. Articulates w coronoid process and trochlear notch of ulna to form part of the elbow joint |
| Capitulum | lateral ball like, articulates with head of radius |
| Coronoid fossa | superior to trochlea on anterior surface receives the coronoid process uf ulna when forearm is extended |
| Radial fossa | superior to the capitulum on the anterior surface of the ulna receives head f radius |
| 2 bones of forearm (antebrachium) | radius/ ulna articulates proximally w humerus and distally with wrist |
| Ulna | medial (little finger side) of forearm |
| Olecranon (olecranon process) | large process that forms the prominence of elbow when fore arm is fully extended the process lockes into olecranon fossa to prevent hyper extension |
| Radius | lateral (thumb side) of forearm |
| Radial tuberosity | anchors biceps |
| Hand includes | bones of carpus, meta carpus, phalanges |
| Carpus | wrist,8 carpals |
| Metacarpus | palm, 5 metacarpals |
| Phalanges | fingers, 14 in hand, 2 thumb, 5 rest of digits |
| Functions of pelvic girdle | attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton transmits full weight of upper body to lower limbs supports visceral organs of pelvis |
| Pelvic girdle is formed by | pair of hip (coxal ) bones |
| Sacroiliac joint | ischium of coxal bone articulates posteriorly w sacrum |
| 3 bones hip girdle during childhood | ilium, ischium, pubis – bones firmly fuse making bourndaries indistinguishable |
| Acetabulum | point of fusion, hemispherical socket receives head of femur |
| Illium | large flaring bone, auricular surface articulates w auricular surface of sacrum forming sacroiliac joint |
| Ischium | inferior posterior portion of coxal bone |
| Pubis | anterior and inferior part of coxal bone |
| Joint between 2 pubic bones | pubic symphysis joint made of fibrocartilage |
| Head of femur | ball like articulates with acetabulum of hip forming hip joint |
| Fovea capitis | pit of head ligament runs from pit to acetabulum to secure femur |
| Neck of Femur | Constricted region distal to head of femur weakest part common site of fracture |
| Greater/lesser trochanter | attachment point for thigh and buttock muscles |
| Patella | triangular sesamoid bone, protects knee joint and improves leverage of thigh muscle of femur |
| 2 bones of leg | tibia fibula, connected by interosseous membrane and articulate with each other at tibiofibular joints |
| tibia | medial- lateral condyle and medial codyle (large checkers side by side) articulate w corresponding condyle of femur |
| Medial Malleolus | medial bulge of ankle |
| Fibula | lateral part of leg, stick like bone with slightly expanded ends |
| Lateral Malleolus forms | conspicuous lateral ankle buldge |
| Tarsus | foot |
| Tarsals in tarsus | 7 |
| Talus | articulates superiorly with tibia and fibula |
| Calcaneus | heel bone, Achilles tendon attaches to calcaneus |
| Metatarsus | 5 |
| Phalanges (foot) | 14, big toe 2, other toes 3 |
Created by:
ktlapp
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