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APP Unit 1 + 2
Modules 1-8 Psychology’s History and Approaches and Research Methods
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| James | 1st applied psychology. Wanted to know how conscious changed/adapted/interacted with the environment. Created Functionalism |
| Functionalism | Explores how mental and behavioral processes function -- how conscious changes/adapted/interacted with environment. |
| Watson | Redefined psychology as a scientific study of observable behavior. Created Behaviorism. |
| Behaviorism | Belief that behaviors are learned through interaction with environment. |
| Cognitive Psychology | Scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| Psychology Definition | Scientific study of behavior and mental process |
| Industrial/Organizational Psychology | Application of psychological concepts and methods optimizing human behavior in workplaces. Ex: Use psychology concepts and methods in workplace to help organizations and companies select trained employees, boost morale, productivity, and etc. |
| Human Factor Psychology | Sub-field that explores how people and machines interact/how machines and physical environment scan be made and easy to use |
| Psychiatry | dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who will provide MEDICAL TREATMENTS as psychological therapy. |
| Operational Definitions | the exact operations and methods used in research |
| Random Sample | Guarantees that everyone has the same chance of getting chosen, Tries to eliminate bias |
| Population | Who you are studying/surveying |
| Correlation | A measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus how well either variable predicts the other |
| Correlational Coefficient | A statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0) |
| Scatterplots | a graph in which the values of two variables are plotted along two axes, the pattern of the resulting points revealing any correlation present. |
| Illusory Correlation | The perception of a relationship where non-exists Ex: We mistakenly over-emphasize one outcome and ignore the others. |
| Experimental Group | The group exposed to the treatment |
| Control Group | The group not exposed to the treatment; compared to experimental group to evaluate effects of treatment |
| Placebo Effect | Simply believing you are receiving the treatment make you feel better |
| Independent Variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effects is being-studied |
| Dependent Variable | The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
| Confounding Variable | A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect is an experiment |
| Descriptive Statistics | Numerical data used to measure and descriptive characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation. |
| Measures of Central Tendency | Central paint around which the scores seem to cluster; Mean, Median, Mode |
| Range | difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| Standard Deviation | The distance from the mean to a score (1SD, 2SD, ect.) |
| Inferential Statistics | Numerical data that allows one to generalize -- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population |
| Statistical Significance | How likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance Ex: A small difference between people who were for prop 27 or against through survey when you exit a store. |
| Significant Difference | There is a measurable difference between the groups that the probability of obtaining that difference by chance is very small. (usually less than 5%) |
| Z-Score | Goes with the # standard deviation away from the mean, Ex: Score is one standard deviation away from mean = z score of 1 or -1 |
| Mind/Body Problem | The idea of whether mind and body are together or separate. (Dualist vs. Monist) |
| Standard Deviation | Shows the average difference between each score and the mean Magic #s -- 68, 95, 99.7 |
| Generalizability | Measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations |
| Random Assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting between the different groups |
| Clinical Psychologist | Sub-field that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| Positive Correlation | +1.00 |
| Negative Correlation | -1.00 |
| Example of Strength of Relationship | The decimal or number closest to 1. Do not pay attention to the (-)negative and (+)positive signs! Ex: a. -0.98 b. +0.97 -0.98 would be closer to 1, thus it has a stronger relationship. |
| Plato and Socrates | Dualists Mnemonic: P + SD or PtSD "Plato and (+) Socrates are Dualists" |
| Aristotle | Monist Mnemonic: AM "Aristotle is Monist" |
| Psychology's Historic Big Issue | Nature vs. Nurture; Genetics vs. Environment |
| Hindsight Bias | tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) |
| Overconfidence | Humans tend to think we know more than we do |
| Tendency to Perceive Patterns | Our natural eagerness to make sense of our world “Range of order” – we are prone to perceive things to what we are familiar to |
| Double Blind Procedure | when neither the participant nor experimenter know which group is recieving the treatment |
| (Animals) Ethics in Experimentation | These subjects are often thought to be inferior and used in order to test certain products such as diseases, vaccines, and transplants. Are also placed in vigorous experiments to understand behavior. |
| (Humans) Ethics of Experimentation | These subjects are able to be given informed consent and a debriefing before an experiment. Often subjected to temporary stress or deception in order to study behavior. |
| Correlation | When both variables have a relationship in the data |
| Causation | When one variable causes the other variable |
| Natural Observation | Observes natural environment. Adv. - subjects feel no pressure to do the "right" thing Dis. - no control of variables; observer's bias |
| Case Studies | Intensive examination of particular individual, group, or situation; tests, interviews, and naturalistic observation. Adv. - useful when looking at something unique or complex Dis. - not representative for general population; cannot generalize. |
| Survey | Use interviews and questionnaire to ask people about behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. Adv. - lots of info quickly Dis. - relies on how questions are asked and who is included in the survey; people lie |
| Correlation Studies | Examine RELATIONSHIPS between variables to describe data more fully, test predictions, and evaluate theories Adv. - all of the above Dis. - most obvious explanation is not always the right one |
| Correlation vs. Causation | Correlation DOES NOT ALWAYS lead to Causation |
| Experiments | Most efficient way to confirm cause/effect relationships. Experimenter has control of variables Adv. can confirm cause/effect relationship Dis. - hard to control all variables; confounding variables; can lead to ethical considerations |
| Counseling Psychologist | sub-field that uses talk therapy to help you treat mental health symptoms and improve how you manage stress and relationships |
Created by:
RosRae
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