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The study of the past
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History is more than just _______, _______, or even ______.
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HISTORY
MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of the past | History |
| History is more than just _______, _______, or even ______. | events, name, dates |
| The word history was used by the Greek Philosopher? | Aristotle |
| The word history was used by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle. It meant a ______________ of a _________________, whether or not ________________ was a factor in the account; and that usage, though rare, still prevails in English in the phrase _________. | systematic account. set of natural phenomena, chronological ordering, natural history |
| History deals with _________ presented in ___________ and often with explanation | study of past events, chronological order |
| His story and sanaysay na? | may saysay |
| Enumerate the first five significance of history | 1. window to the past 2. helps us appreciate multiple perspectives and interpretations 3. strengthen our critical thinking skills 4. gives us understanding of other people and cultures 5. influential in shaping human affairs |
| Enumerate the last three significance of history | 6. provides better understanding about the present situation 7. provides informed perspective about the world 8. guides in making judgements |
| History as actuality | History is the sum total of everything that happened in the past |
| History as record | History is an account of the past |
| What did James Davidson and Mark Lytle (1982) said about history? | History is not what happened in the past; rather, it is the act of selecting, analyzing, and writing about the past |
| Individuals who write about history | Historians |
| How do historians seek to understand the present? | They seek to understand the present by examining what went before. |
| Historians undertake arduous historical research to come up with a? | meaningful and organized reconstruction of the past |
| Why does the question "whose past are we talking about" a basic question historians needs to answers? | Because this sets the purpose and framework of a historical account. |
| What is the salient feature of historical writing? | To give meaning and impart value to a particular group of people about their past |
| How do historian get access representation of the past? | Through historical sources and evidences. |
| Historian's job is not just to seek historical events and facts but also to ? | Interpret these facts |
| “Facts cannot speak for themselves.” It is the job of the historian to give meaning to these facts and organize them into __________, establish ___________, and write ________. | timeline, causes, history |
| A historian is a person of his own who is influenced by his own? | context, environment, ideology, and influences among others |
| True or False: A historians interpretation of the historical fact is affected by his context and circumstances? | True |
| A historian's subjectivity will inevitably influences the process of his ______________; the ___________ he will use, the _____ that he shall select and deem relevant, his __________ and even the form of his ________. | historical research, methodology, facts, interpretation, writings |
| What did Candelaria, J.L.P (2018) says about history? | In one way or another, history is always subjective |
| The historian has to create a? | narrative that can stand the test of time |
| Historian has to see things from many many points of view and puts on the different hats of a historian - | a detective, judge, storyteller, philosopher |
| The study of history and methodology of the discipline of history | Historiography |
| How did Furay and Salevouris (1988) defined historiography? | Historiography is the study of the way history has been and is written -- the history of historical writing |
| What did Furay and Salevouris (1988) said about studying historiography? | When you study historiography, you do not study the events of the past directly, but the changing interpretations of those events in the works of individual historians |
| Questions of historiography include the following: Who writes ________, with what ___________ in mind, and __________ what ends? | history, agenda, towards |
| Questions of historiography include the following: How accurate can a historian ever hope to be, analyzing past events from the ________________ of the ______________? | vantage point, historian's present |
| Questions of historiography include the following: Does the historian's own perspective, impacted as it undoubtedly is by _______, __, ________ and _______________, etc., contribute to an "agenda" that the historian's works is playing into, u | gender, age, national, ideological affiliation |
| Questions of historiography include the following: Does the very selection of sources (and, by extension, the decision to exclude certain other sources) ______________ the outcome of the historian's work in certain ways? | prejudice |
| Questions of historiography include the following: What about the types of sources, both _________ and ___________, and historian chooses to base his or her work upon? Do they too contribute to the above-mentioned "agenda"? | primary, secondary |
| What are the historians' most significant research tool? | Historical sources |
| Historical sources can be classified between? | Primary and secondary sources |
| These are contemporary accounts of an event, written by someone who experienced or witnessed the event in question. | Primary sources |
| Primary sources are the raw materials of history — | original documents and objects which were created at the time under study |
| According to Louis Gottschalk (Understanding History), primary sources is? | Testimony of an eyewitness |
| A primary source is _________ of physical object which was written or created during the time under study | document |
| A primary source is characterized by their ___________, regardless of whether they are available in original format, in __________, in _________, or in _________ | content, microfilm/microfiche, digital format, published format |
| These are materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or topic being studied. | Primary sources |
| According to Torres (2018) primary sources range from? | eyewitnesses accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents, official documents (government or private), photographs |
| Formally, what are the 8 examples of primary sources according to Torres (2018). (First 5) | 1. Photographs 2. Old sketches and drawings 3. Old maps 4. Cartoons for political expression or propaganda 5. Material evidence ( cave drawings, oldy syllabaries, ancient writing) |
| Formally, what are the 8 examples of primary sources according to Torres (2018). (Last 3) | 6. Statistical tables, graphs, and charts 7. Oral history or recordings 8. Published or unpublished primary documents, eyewitness accounts, and other written sources |
| Examples of Primary sources (First 7) | 1. Autobiographies and memoirs 2. Diaries, personal letters, and correspondences 3. Interviews, surveys, and fieldworks 4. Photographs 5. Art and literature 6. Books, magazine and newspaper at the time 7. Speeches and oral histories |
| Examples of Primary sources (Last 6) | 8. Original documents 9. Tools, coins, clothing, furniture 10. Audio recordings 11. Government documents 12. Patents 13. Technical reports |
| What are the 4 main categories of Primary Sources? | 1. Written sources 2. Images 3. Artifacts 4. Oral testimony |
| Examining primary sources give you a ____________ of history and the ____________ of the past and can also guide you toward? | powerful sense, complexity High-order thinking, better critical thinking, and analysis skills |
| On the other hand, the functions of secondary sources is to _________ , assign _________, _______ upon, __________ about the events reported in primary sources | interpret primary sources, value to, conjecture, draw conclusion |
| These are usually in the form of published works such as journal articles or books, but may include radio or television documentaries, or conference proceedings | Secondary sources |
| According to Torres (2018), secondary sources are sources which were produced by an author who used __________ to produce _________. | primary sources, material |
| It interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. | Secondary sources |
| Secondary sources may have? | pictures, quotes, graphics of primary sources |
| Examples of Secondary Sources | 1. Bibliographies 2. Biographical works 3. Reference books (dictionaries and encyclopedia) 4. Articles (magazines, journal, newspapers after the event) 5. History books or scholarly books 6. Works of criticism and interpretation 7. Textbooks |
| What are the 5 technical tools in identifying and authenticating historical sources? | 1. Paleography 2. Diplomatic 3. Archaeology 4. Statistics 5. Additional technical tools |
| It is the study of handwriting, evolution of writing, ability to distinguish the different traditions of writing styles; types of medium utilized; ability to spot fakes; nuances in writing through different periods | Paleography |
| It is used primarily for textual analysis; writing styles maybe determined by its specific time/period wherein there is a set of writing conventions and formulas. | Diplomatic |
| To ascertain the authenticity and reliability of primary sources to be used in crafting a narrative, a historian needs to employ two levels of historical criticism, namely? | external criticism and internal criticism |
| External criticism is also known as? | lower criticism |
| The practice of verifying the AUTHENTICITY of evidence by examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for evidence. | External criticism |
| According to Candelaria and Alporha (2018), what are the examples of things being examined when conducting external criticism of a document? | 1. Quality of the paper 2. Type of the ink 3. Language and words used |
| External criticism is a tool used by historians to determine the ________ of a document, particularly a document with some sort of historical significance. | Validity |
| External criticism ventures toward inquiry regarding? | 1. Authorship 2. Originality and accuracy of the copy 3. Errors |
| External criticism is the problem of? | Authenticity |
| It is something placed in the wrong time period. | Anachronism |
| It is committed when a historian uses a word or a historical concept that is taken out of context and uses it to describe or interpret a past. | Historical anachronism |
| Examples are idiom, orthography, and punctuation | Anachronistic style |
| Examples are "too early," "too late," and "too remote" | Anachronistic reference to events |
| In external criticism, you determine the authors? | 1. Handwriting 2. Signature 3. Seal |
| It means determining the meaning of a text or word | Semantics |
| It means determining ambiguities | Hermeneutics |
| Refers to the accuracy of the content of a document | Internal criticism |
| According to Candelaria and Alporha (2018), internal criticism looks at the? | 1. truthfulness and factuality of evidence by the author's source 2. context 3. agenda behind its creation 4. knowledge which informed it 5. intended purpose |
| Internal criticism is the problem with? | Credibility |
| In internal criticism, it is a test of credibility by determining his reliability; personal attitudes | Identification of the author |
| In internal criticism, it is a test of credibility by handwriting, signature, and seal | Determination of the approximate date |
| In internal criticism, it is a test of credibility by the nearness to the event, competence of witness, degree of attention | Ability to tell the truth |
| In internal criticism, it is a test of credibility by determining if the author consciously or unconsciously tells falsehood | Willingness to tell the truth |
| i.e. historical facts – particulars which rest upon the independent testimony of two or more reliable witnesses | Corroboration |
| What are 5 things to see in testing the credibility of a documents | 1. Identification of the author 2. Determination of the approximate date 3. Ability to tell the truth 4. Willingness to tell the truth 5. Corroboration |
| The development of Philippine historiography can be traced back during the? | Spanish period |
| Who studied the cultures of the early Filipinos and faithfully recorded their valuable observations? | Friars |
| Why did Friars studied the cultures of the early Filipinos and faithfully recorded their valuable observations? | Because of their zeal to propagate Christianity |
| Although the writings of the early friars were basically ___________, their recorded observations on the life of the early Filipinos are indispensable in the understanding of the Philippine pass. | missionary history |
| They can use a postcolonial reading on the documents to eliminate the colonial bias. | Contemporary historians |
| The secular historians during the Spanish period can be divided into the following: | 1. Spanish officials in the islands 2. Foreign residents and writers 3. Filipino Ilustrado |
| What did United States used as a tool to control their subjects? | Education |
| Why did United States used education as a tool? | To control their subject and increase political and economic power of the elite. |
| These colonial instruments were so ingrained among Filipinos that they perceived their colonial past in two ways: | initially maltreated by "wicked Spain" and later rescued by "benevolent America" |
| This kind of historical consciousness has effectively erased from the memories of Filipino generations the bloody Filipino American War as exemplified by the | Balangiga Massacre in Eastern Samar and the Battle of Bud Bagsak in Sulu |
| When did the Americans granted our independence? | 1946 |
| Historians during American period can be classified into: | 1. Filipino ilustrado 2. American colonial officials 3. Non-colonial officials 4. So-called academic historians |
| The stark reality of Filipino historians thinking like their colonial counterparts during the postcolonial period troubled a small group of professors and cultural workers who were mostly alumni of the? | University of the Philippines |
| In the 1950s, he pioneered nationalist historiography in the country by highlighting the role of the Filipino reformists and revolutionaries from 1872. | Teodoro Agoncillo |
| What are Teodoro Agoncillo's two most celebrated books that focused on the impact of Philippine Revolution? | 1. The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan (1956) 2. Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic (1960) |
| Teodoro Agoncillo's writings veered away from emphasizing colonial period and regarded events before 1872 as part of the country’s? | lost history |
| For Agoncillo, we cannot see a substantive role of the Filipinos in history because Filipinos before 1872 were? | passive followers of the Spaniards |
| He discourse of “lost history” was not accepted by another known scholar. | Renato Constantino |
| What is Renato Constantino's work that became a staple reading for academics and activists beginning in the late 1960s? | The Miseducation of the Filipino |
| It is a study of the past that sought to analyze society by searching out people's voices from colonial historical materials that typically rendered Filipinos as a decadent, inept and vile. | People's history |
| It is a college textbook that offered a more critical reading of Philippine history compared to Agoncillo’s History of the Filipino People (1973). | The Philippines: A Past Revisited (1975) |
| Constantino defined it as a collective people's struggle towards the full realization of freedom and liberty | History |
| Constantino emphasized that the real mover of history are the? | Masses |
| He conceptualized "Pantayong Pananaw" as an approach to understanding the past from our own cultural frame and language. | Zeus Salazar |
| It has opened new venues and themes for historians to study like the world view of the indigenous, anting-anting, symbolic representation, reduccion, and other themes that discuss the culture of the Filipinos. | Pantayong pananaw |
| He wrote a ground-breaking work entitled "Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines" | Reynaldo Ileto |
| Ileto endeavored to recognize the way of thinking of ordinary folks by using alternative historical sources such as? | folk songs and prayers |
| His other works spurred new interpretations such as common topics such as: | 1. Jose Rizal 2. Philippine-American War 3. American colonization |
| It can be considered as a turning point in the history of Philippine historical writing. It opened new venues that can be used by scholars in their research. | Pasyon and Revolution |
| He is a prolific historian who is best remembered for mainstreaming the role and relevance of Filipino Muslims in the country’s national history. | Samuel Tan |
| Tan's definitive work that sought to examine the struggle of Filipino Muslims in the context of 20th century nation-building dynamics during the American colonial regime and subsequent postcolonial Filipino administrations. | The Filipino Muslim Armed Struggle |
| In his book, Tan attempted to write a national history reflective of the historical experiences not only of lowland Christianized Filipinos but also of the other cultural communities in the archipelago | A History of the Philippines (1987) |
| What are the 5 characteristics of contemporary Philippine Historiography | 1. Political Narrative 2. Colonial Histories in Historical Narratives 3. Elite-centric Perspectives in Historical Narratives 4. Patriarchal Orientation in Historical Narratives 5. Emphasis on Lowland Christianized Filipinos |
| Most of our national histories today favour narratives that deal with the political aspects of nation-building such as the legacies of political leaders and establishment of different governments | Political Narratives |
| This continues to breed Filipinos who are more familiar with stories about our colonial history rather than stories of our pre-colonial past | Colonial Histories in Historical Narrative |
| Some historical narratives focus on the contribution of the elite in nation-building such as what the ilustrados (educated Filipinos) fought for in the 19th century | Elite-centric Perspectives in Historical Narratives |
| Most of the country’s historical narratives highlight the heroism of men in different ways: leading revolts and liberation wars against colonizers, championing the cause of independence, and spearheading political and economic development | Patriarchal Orientation in Historical Narratives |
| National histories tend to show partially toward lowland Christianized Filipinos at the expense of other national cultural communities such as Muslim Filipinos and other indigenous peoples. | Emphasis on Lowland Christianized Filipinos |
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