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PSYC 271 Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biopsychology | scientific study of the biology of behavior |
| pure research | research primarily motivated by curosity of the researcher |
| applied research | research intended to bring about direct benefit for humankind |
| physiological psychology | study of neural mechanisms of behavior or through direct manipulation and recording of brain in experiments |
| psychopharmacology | focuses on manipulation of neural activity and behaviour with drugs |
| neuropsychology | study of psychological effects if brain dysfunction in human patients |
| psychophysiology | study of relation between physiological activity and psychological processeas in humans |
| cognitive neuroscience | study of neural bases of cognition |
| cognition | higher intellectual processes (thought, memory, etc) |
| comparative psychology | studies evolution genetics and adaptiveness of behaviour using comparative approach between species |
| converging operations | use of several research approaches |
| behaviourism | all behaviours are a result of environmental conditioning |
| ethology | study of animal behaviour in the wild |
| natural selection | hertiable traits that are associated with high rates of survival and reproduction are most likely to be passed on |
| fitness | ability of organism to survive and contribute genes to next generation |
| species | group of organisms reproductively isolated from other organisms |
| chordates | animals with dorsal nerve cords |
| exaptation | adaptive characteristics not evolved to perform current function |
| homologous | similar structures due to common evolutionary origin |
| analogous | similar structures because of convergent evolution |
| convergent evolution | evolution in unrelated species of similar solution to same environmental demands |
| dichotomous traits | traits that occur in 1 form or another |
| true breeding lines | breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with same trait, generation after generation |
| dominant traits | trait of dichotomous that is expressed in phenotype of heterozygous individuals |
| recessive traits | trait of dichotomous pair that is not expressed in phenotype of heterozygous individuals |
| phenotype | organisms observable trait |
| genotype | traits an organism can pass onto offspring through genetic material |
| genes | unit of inheritance |
| homozygous | possess 2 identical alleles |
| heterozygous | possess 2 different alleles |
| chromosomes | threadlike structure in nucleus of each cell containing DNA |
| gametes | haploid reproductive cells |
| DNA replication | process by which the DNA molecule duplicates |
| mutations | alterations of individual genes |
| sex chromosomes | determine individuals sex |
| sex linked | traits influenced by genes on sex chromosome |
| promoters | stretches of DNA that determine which structure genes are converetd into protein |
| codon | 3 consecutive nucleotide bases, specifies particular amino acid |
| epigenetics | study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than those mediated by changes to gene sequences of DNA |
| DNA methylation | methyl group attaches to DNA (usually cytosine) to alter gene expression |
| histone remodelling | histones alter shape and therefore influence shape of adjacent DNA, altering gene expression |
| epigenome | catalogue of all the epigenetic mechanisms in each cell type |
| transgenerational epigenetics | subfield of epigenetics that examines transmission of experiences via epigenetic mechanism across generations |
| ontogeny | development of individuals over their lifespan |
| phenylketonuria | neurological disorder characterized by vomitting, seizures, intellectual disability, hyperactivity, hyperirritability, brain damage and high levels of phenylpyruvatic acid in urine |
| heritability estimate | numerical estimate of proportion of variability that occured in a particular trait in a particular study that resulted from the genetic variation in said study |
| central nervous system | portion of the nervous system within the skull and spine |
| peripheral nervous system | portion of the nervous system outside the skull and spine |
| somatic nervous system | interacts with external environment |
| afferent nerves | nerves that carry sensory signals from muscles/organs to the central nervous system |
| efferent nerves | nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles/internal organs |
| autonomic nervous system | regulates body's internal environment |
| sympathetic nervous system | thoracolumbar spinal nerves fight or flight response |
| parasympathetic nervous system | craniosacral spinal nerves rest or digest response |
| meninges | 3 protective membranes that cover the CNS |
| subarachnoid space | lies between arachnoid and pia mater |
| central canal | CSF filled channel running length of spinal cord |
| cerebral ventricles | CSF fillled chambers of brain 2 lateral, 3rd and 4th |
| blood brain barrier | mechanism impedes passage of toxic substance from blood to brain |
| neurons | cells specialized for the receptor conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals |
| multipolar neurons | more than 2 processes extend from cell body |
| unipolar neurons | one process extends from cell body |
| bipolar neurons | two process extend from cell body |
| interneurons | no processes, integrate neural activity within brain structure |
| nuclei | CNS clusters of cell bodies |
| ganglia | PNS clusters of cell bodies |
| tracts | CNS bundle of axons |
| nerves | PNS bundle of axons |
| glial cells | nonneural cells of nervous system |
| oligodendrocytes | glial cells that myelinate axons of CNS |
| schwann cells | perform same function as oligodendrocytes in PNS |
| microglia | respond to injury/disease by engulfing debris and triggering inflammatory response |
| astrocytes | large, star shaped with multiple roles |
| golgi stain | completely darkens a few neurons in each slice of tissue, revealing silhouettes |
| nissil stain | has affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies |
| cross section | section cut at right angle to any long narrow structure of CNS |
| grey matter | cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons |
| white matter | myelinated axons |
| myelencephalon | medulla, most posterior of 5 divisions |
| reticular formations | plays a role in arousal with various nuclei controlling different functions |
| melencephalon | includes pons and cerebellum |
| cerebellum | important sensorimotor structure with impacts on other areas |
| mesencephalon | composed of tectum and tegmentum |
| tectum | roof, includes inferior and superior colliculi |
| inferior colliculi | auditory function |
| superior colliculi | visual motor function |
| tegmentum | lies anterior to tectum composed of preaqueductal gray, substantia nigra and red nucleus |
| preaqueductal gray | situated around cerebral aqueduct and plays role in pain reduction |
| diencephalon | composed of thalamus and hypothalamus |
| thalamus | large 2 lobed structure, mosy relays sensory information to cortex |
| hypothalamus | just below thalamus, regulates several motivated behaviours via hormones from pituitary gland |
| lateral geniculate | relays visual information |
| medial geniculate | relays auditory information |
| ventral posterior | relays somatosensory information |
| optic chiasm | point where optic nerves come together and decussate |
| contralateral fibres | project from one side of body to other |
| ipsilateral fibres | stay on same side of body |
| telencephalon | largest division of brain, most complex functions |
| cerebral cortex | covers cerebral hemispheres, deeply furrowed in humans |
| longitudinal fissure | largest fissure, separates cerebral hemisphere |
| cerebral commissures | tracts that connect cerebral hemispheres |
| central fissure | separates frontal lobe from parietal |
| lateral fissure | separates temportal lobe from frontal |
| occipital lobe | vision centre of brain |
| parietal lobe | analyzes body sensations, percieves body location and directs attention |
| temporal lobe | hearing and language, identifies complex vsiual patterns, important for memory |
| frontal lobe | motor function and complex cognitive functions |
| neocortex | 6 layered cerebral cortex of recent evolution 90% of humans |
| pyramdial cells | large multipolar cortical neurons with pyramidal ccell body, apical dendrite and very long axon |
| stellate cells | small star shapped cortical interneuron |
| hippocampus | structure of medial temporal lobes that plays a role in memory |
| limbic system | collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts in ring around thalamus |
| basal ganglia | collection of subcortical nuclei |
Created by:
gfquinn0
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