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Chapter 13
Human Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter 13 | Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood |
| proposed transitional period between adolescence and adulthood | emerging adulthood |
| How has entrance to adulthood changed in industrialized societies? | More people have higher education, 1st marriage and childbirth are pursued later, women entering college and working |
| What does it mean to be an adult? | Accepting responsibility for oneself, making independent decisions, becoming financially independent |
| What factors affect the timing of entrance to adulthood? | Entering college, working, living away from home, getting married, having children |
| What is the leading cause of death in young adulthood? | Accidents |
| Summarize the typical health status of young adults in the United States. | At the peak of health, strength, energy, endurance, sensory and motor functioning; tend to be overweight, eat poorly, not exercise |
| How can a person’s diet affect the likelihood of cancer and heart disease? | Excess fat consumption especially saturated fats increases cardiovascular risks, cholesterol levels, related to coronary heart disease; good diet can help protect against certain cancers, such as high soy, fish, vitamin E |
| What are reasons for the obesity epidemic? | Eating poorly, lack of exercise, increase in snacking, availability of inexpensive fast foods, supersized portions, high-fat diets, labor saving technologies, sedentary recreational pursuits, television, computers |
| What are the benefits of exercise? | Maintain desirable body weight, build muscle, strength and hard and looks, lower blood pressure, protect against heart disease, stroke, diabetes, several cancers, osteoporosis, relieve anxiety and depression, lengthens life |
| Why can sleep deprivation be harmful? | Affect cognitive, emotional functioning, make mistakes, become impatient/aggravated when waiting, upset with others, fall asleep at wheel, impair verbal learning, memory, higher-level decision-making, speech articulation, increased distractibility |
| What are the trends and risks involved in smoking? | 5 million smoke worldwide, lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, circulatory problems, cervical cancer, heart disease |
| What are the trends and risks involved in alcohol use? | More 18 than 20-year-olds drink, 70% of 21 to 25-year-olds used alcohol in last month, cirrhosis of liver, gastrointestinal disorder, ulcers, pancreatic disease, cancer, heart failure, stroke, damaged nervous system, psychosis, addiction |
| What are the 2 interrelated aspects of social environment that can promote health? | Social integration, social support |
| active engagement in a broad range of social relationships, activities and roles | social integration |
| material, informational and psychological resources derived from the social network on which a person can rely for help in coping with stress | social support |
| What differences in income, education and race/ethnicity affect health and mortality? | Higher income and education tend to be healthier and live longer due to environmental and lifestyle factors, African-Americans tend to be less healthy than Americans |
| How can relationships affect physical and mental health? | Good relationships-healthful behaviors, more likely to survive heart attack, less likely to be anxious or depressed, psychological benefits, eat sensibly, get exercise; bad relationship-depression, bad physical, mental health |
| chronic disease involving dependence on use of alcohol, causing interference with normal functioning and fulfillment of obligations | alcoholism |
| What are common mental health problems in emerging and young adulthood? | alcoholism, drug abuse/use, antisocial behavior, depression |
| What physical condition is the typical young adult in? | peak of health, strength, energy, endurance, sensory and motor functioning, can still have physical problems like diet, obesity, activity, sleep, smoking, alcohol use or mental problems like alcoholism, drug use/abuse, antisocial behavior, depression |
| What factors affect health and well-being? | SES, race/ethnicity, relationships, physical and mental health |
| disorder producing symptoms of physical discomfort and emotional tension for up to 2 weeks before him and stroke. | Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) |
| painful menstruation or cramps | dysmenorrhea |
| inability to conceive after 12 months of trying | infertility |
| What are some trends in sexual behavior and attitudes among emerging and young adults? | Most believe premarital sex is okay and engage in it, many engage in oral sex, engage in fewer risky behaviors, casual sex is common |
| Discuss the spread of STDs and ways to control it. | About 1 out of 4 people have an STD, highest rates in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, control with antiviral therapy, condoms |
| What are the symptoms of PMS? | Fatigue, headaches, swelling, tenderness of breast, swollen hands/feet, abdominal bloating, nausea, cramps, constipation, food cravings, weight gain, anxiety, depression, your ability, mood swings, cheerfulness, difficulty concentrating or remembering |
| What are the likely causes of PMS? | Hormone surge of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, serotonin |
| What are ways to manage PMS? | Aerobic exercise, frequent small meals, lots of complex carbs, low salt and caffeine, regular sleep routine, calcium, magnesium, vitamin E, medication such as ibuprofen |
| What are the common causes of male and female infertility? | Male-too few sperm, ejaculatory duct blocked, sperm unable to swim, genetics; woman-failure to produce ova, mucus in cervix-prevent sperm from penetrating, disease of uterine lining, deterioration in quality of ova, blockage of fallopian tube |
| What are several means of assisted reproduction? What issues do they raise? | Hormone treatment, drug therapy, surgery; fertility drugs-multiple, high-risk births; male fertility treatment-producing sperm with chromosomal abnormalities |
| What are some sexual and reproductive issues in emerging and young adulthood? | Sexually transmitted diseases, menstrual disorders, infertility |
| type of logical thinking that may emerge in adulthood, involving continuous, active evaluation of information and beliefs in the light of evidence and implications | reflective thinking |
| mature type of thinking that relies on subjective experience and intuition as well logic and is useful in dealing with ambiguity, uncertainty, and consistency, contradiction, imperfection and compromise | postformal thought |
| What did Jan Sinnott propose as the criteria for postformal thought? | Shifting gears, problem definition, process-product shift, pragmatism, multiple solutions, awareness of paradox, self-referential thought |
| What are Schaie’s 7 stages of cognitive development? | Acquisitive stage, achieving stage, responsible stage, executive stage, reorganizational stage, reintegrated stage, legacy-creating stage |
| Differentiate between reflective and post formal thinking. | Reflective- make connections between different facts, postformal thought-use emotion and logic to solve problems, see shades of gray |
| Why might postformal thought be especially suited to solving social problems? | Transcend a single logical system, choose among conflicting ideas they both have valid truth, sees shades of gray, multiple solutions |
| knowledge that is not formally taught or openly expressed | tacit knowledge |
| Why might Sternberg’s 3 kinds of intelligence be especially applicable to adults? | Can affect how well a person will succeed, can predict job performance, know good ways to get ahead at work |
| Salovey and Mayer’s term for ability to understand and regulate emotions; an important component of effective, intelligent behavior | emotional intelligence |
| What are the 4 related skills to emotional intelligence? | Ability to perceive, use, understand, manage emotions of self and others to achieve goals |
| What is emotional intelligence and how is it tested? | Ability to understand and regulate emotions of self and others, tested with the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) |
| What is distinctive about adult thought? | Reflective thinking, postformal thinking, cognitive development, emotional intelligence |
| How can experience affect adult moral development? | More experienced can cause people to develop morally because they are able to evaluate situations from their own perspective and their responsibility for others |
| How can culture affect adult moral development? | Western cultures believe in justice and rights even if breaking the law for a good reason whereas Eastern cultures such as Chinese believe in society's harmony and discuss dilemmas openly. |
| State Gilligan's original position on gender differences in moral development and summarize research findings on the subject. | Original-women have different morals than men, not focused on justice and fairness, responsibility of showing care and avoid harm; research has found no correlation, has not found this to be true |
| How does moral reasoning develop? | Mostly with experience but some impact of culture |
| What factors affect who goes to college and who finishes? | Who goes-gender, SES, race/ethnicity |
| How can college affect cognitive development? | Opens mind up to new values, new perspectives, new ways of seeing things |
| degree to which a person's work requires thought and independent judgment | substantive complexity |
| hypothesis that a positive correlation exists between intellectuality of work and leisure activities because of a carryover of cognitive gains from work to leisure | spillover hypothesis |
| What are some recent changes in the workplace? | More varied work, less stable, not working in office as much, flexible working schedules, more demanding, need more education, |
| What is the impact of combining work and school? | It can benefit a full-time college student to go to work but it can have a negative impact if they work more than 15 to 20 hours a week |
| What is the relationship between substantial complexity of work and cognitive development? | More complex work influences the intellectual level of leisure activities |
| List proposals for easing the transition to the workplace. | Improve dialogue between educator/employer, modify school/work schedule, design work-study program, more part-time work, relate what is learned at work and in school, improve training, tutoring, scholarships, financial aid, health insurance |
| How do emerging adults make the transitions to higher education? | Family support, being adaptive, actively engage in studies, close but autonomous relationship with parents, network among peers and instructors |
| How do emerging adults make the transitions to work? | Confidence in general and at work, personal characteristics such as innovative, flexibility, purposefulness, something urgency, positive personal relationships, links between schooling and employment |
| How do these experiences affect cognitive development? | Opens the mind up to new ideas and beliefs and values, able to see other perspectives more easily, complexity at work can lead to higher level of leisure activities |
| What is emerging adulthood? | Late teens through mid-20s, transitional period to adulthood |
| How is life different for young people in advanced technological societies? | Adulthood not clearly marked, follows longer and more varied route than in past |
| What marks a young person becoming an adult? | Multiple milestones, culture specific criteria, accepting responsibility for oneself, making independent decisions, becoming financially independent |
| How are sensory and physical abilities in emerging and young adulthood? | Excellent |
| What is the leading cause of death for young adults? | Accidents |
| What is mapping of the human genome enabling? | Discovery of genetic basis for certain disorders |
| What can affect health and survival in young adulthood? | Lifestyle factors such as diet, obesity, exercise, sleep, smoking, substance use or abuse |
| How can SES affect health? | Higher SES is related to higher income, education and health |
| What relationships tend to be associated with physical and mental health? | Social relationships, especially marriage |
| What mental health conditions become more prevalent in adulthood? | Depression, alcohol abuse |
| What are the most common substance disorders in young adulthood? | Alcohol abuse, alcoholism |
| How many U.S. young adults have sexual relations before marriage? | Almost all |
| What are sexual concerns in young adulthood? | STDs, menstrual disorders, and fertility |
| In the United States, who has the highest rates of STDs? | Emerging adults, particularly women |
| What is the most common cause of infertility in men and women? | Men-low sperm count, women-blockage of the fallopian tubes |
| What issues are involved in the new assisted reproduction options? | Ethical and practical issues |
| Contrast between reflective thinking and post formal thought. | Reflective thinking-emphasizes complex logic, post formal thought-involves intuition and emotion as well as complex logic |
| What 2 forms of thinking do some researchers believe come after formal operations? | Reflective thinking, post formal thought |
| What 7 stages of age-related cognitive development did Schaie propose? | Acquisitive, achieving, responsible, executive, reorganizational, reintegrative, legacy creating |
| According to Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence, which 2 elements of intelligence become important during adulthood? | Experiential, contextual |
| What can play an important part in the life success? | Emotional intelligence |
| According to Kohlberg, what influences moral development? | Experience, cannot exceed limits set by cognitive development |
| Contrast Kohlberg's theory and Gilligan's theory of moral development. | Colbert-emphasizes justice, Gilligan-emphasizes care |
| What is the validity of Gilligan's research on moral development? | Later research has not supported a distinction between men's and women's moral outlook |
| What are the current trends of emerging adults going to college? | Go to college, 2 or 4 year institution, more women than men, minority participation growing |
| According to Perry, how do college students thinking trends change? | Rigid to flexibility to freely chosen commitments |
| What relationship has been found between substantial complexity at work and cognitive growth? | More complex means more cognitive growth and more complex leisure activities |
| How can higher education affect work? | Changes in the workplace call for higher education, expand workplace opportunities and earnings |
| How can transition to the workplace be eased? | Measures to strengthen vocational education and its links with work |
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