Used the concept of the triads and octaves and devised a way to categorize elements

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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Term	Definition
have fixed compositions and distinct properties.	Pure substance/substance
deals with Matter its composition, properties and its reactions	Inorganic Chemistry
anything that occupies space and has mass	Matter
quantity of matter that it contains.	mass
are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means. They are the basic substances out of which all matter is composed	Elements
are the substances composed of two or more elements united chemically in definite proportions by mass. They can be decomposed by chemical means into simpler elements.	Compounds
composed of two or more kinds of matter where each substance retains its own identity and properties thus it can be separated by physical means	Mixtures
have uniform composition throughout	Homogeneous mixtures
Compositions of mixtures can vary continuously.	Mixtures
are substances whose composition, properties and appearance differ throughout.	Heterogeneous mixtures
vinegar, brine, syrup, blood, air, rain, natural gas	Homogeneous mixtures
sand in water, chocolate chip ice cream, fruit salad, urine, smog	Heterogeneous mixtures
also known as suspension (particularly when they are in liquid form)	Heterogenous mixture
2 or more elements that have been held together by chemical bonds	Compound
1 phase (either solid, liquid, gas)	Homogenous
Elements categorized according to three's	Triads
Very first attempt of periodic table	Triads
color, odor, taste, hardness, physical state, melting point, boiling point, electrical conductivity, malleability, density, solubility, specific gravity.	Physical properties:
refer to the characteristics that enable one to distinguish one substance from another.	Properties of Matter
rusting metal, burning fuel, milk turning sour	Chemical properties:
does not involve a change of one kind of matter into another; no change in the fixed composition of the substance	Physical change
involves the transformation or change of one kind of matter into another; it results in the formation of a new substance with different properties	Chemical change
) is organized so scientists can quickly discern the properties of individual elements such as their mass, electron number, electron configuration and their unique chemical properties	The periodic table
left side of the table	metals
reside on the right side of the table	non-metals
How many vertical rows in the periodic table?	8 vertical rows IA to VIIIA
How many families in each group?	2 A and B
How many horizontal rows?	7 (7th row is incomplete)
The 6 periods end with???	Inert gases
are found among the representative elements in the upper right hand region of the periodic table; halogen family, oxygen family, nitrogen family, etc.	. Non-metal
occupy a narrow band between the metal and non-metals like silicon and germanium.	Metalloids
group's of 8's (not successful because there were positions in the periodic table wherein 2 elements shared in one position)	Octaves
Used the concept of the triads and octaves and devised a way to categorize elements	Modern Periodic Table (Dmitri Mendeleev)
Involves transfer of electrons (force of attraction)	Ionic Compound
display a wide range of physical properties due to the different types of intermolecular attractions such as different kinds of polar interactions.	covalent compounds
Elements and compounds that are electrically neutral	Ions
Species with overall positive charges	Cations
species with overall negative charges	Anions
formed only when electrons move from one atom to another	Ions
Compounds formed from positive and negative ions	Ionic compounds
Individual atoms can gain or lose electrons	monatomic ions
each element that forms cations is...	metal
metals tend to form cations, while nonmetals tend to form anions	True
Every element in the first column forms a cation with...	charge 1+
Every element in the second column forms a cation with charge...	charge 2+
Elements in the third to last column almost all form an anion with a...	2- charge
elements living in the second to last column almost all form anions with a ...	1- charge.
Involves sharing of electrons	Covalent compound
Atoms can gain a full valence shell (electron) by either sharing electron (covalent bonding) or by transferring electron (ionic bonding)	Octet rule
are substances which are made of more than one atom or element	are substances which are made of more than one atom or element
What holds these atoms together are strong forces of attraction	chemical bonds
Electrons involved in bonding are the outermost electrons in an atom and are called as	valence electrons
American chemist who pioneered the relationship between electronic structure and chemical bonds.	G.N. Lewis
are often used to represent the valence electrons in atoms and molecules.	Dots
consists of the symbol for the element and a dot(s) to represent the outermost electron(s) in the atom.	Lewis Electron-dot Structure
the completion of the maximum 8 number of electrons.	Octet rule
results from the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions, the action and the anion	Ionic Bond
Atoms that pick up the electrons lost by metals become negative ions or anions.	Ionic Bond
arises from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms which have the same tendency to give or pick up electrons	Covalent Bond
when a non-metallic element combines with another non-metallic element, electrons are neither gained nor lost by the atoms but are shared.	Okay, true
combination of symbols for atoms or ions that are held together chemically.	Chemical formula
- is a positive or negative integer that is related to the electronic structure of the atom.	Oxidation Number or Oxidation State
o The atom that loses electrons has the positive oxidation number and the atom that gains electrons has the negative oxidation number	True
The atom that is more electropositive has the positive oxidation number and the atom that is more electronegative has the negative oxidation number	True
compounds formed from the combination of two elements	Binary compounds
A number of ionic compounds contain a metal cation and two different elements in the	anion group.
These compounds containing three elements are called	ternary compounds.
the Latin name of the cation with the lower oxidation state is modified to end in -ous, while the cation with the higher oxidation state will end in –ic	“Classical System”
cation with the lower oxidation state is modified to end in	ous
cation with the higher oxidation state will end in	ic
the English name of the metal is used but the oxidation state is indicated by a Roman numeral enclosed in parentheses	“Stock System”
are certain molecular compounds in which hydrogen is combined with a second nonmetallic element	Binary acids
refers to the formation of ions from atoms or molecules	Ionization
a substance that breaks up into ions in solution	Electrolyte –
if a substance completely ionized	Strong electrolyte –
if a substance is only partially ionized	Weak electrolyte –
one that is only partially ionized	Weak acid or base –
one that is completely ionized	Strong acid or base –
– type of compound which can act either as acid or base (“amphi” means both kinds)	Amphiprotic or amphoteric
a solution which contains a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base or conjugate acid. It has a remarkable property of maintaining an almost constant pH even though a strong acid or base is added to the solution	Buffers –
high pH of blood	Alkalosis –
– low pH of blood	Acidosis
weak acids and bases are written in molecular form, and strong acids and bases are written in the form of ions	. Ionic equations –
. shows only those ions that actually undergone a chemical change	Net ionic equation –
ions which do not undergo any change	Spectator ion –
Turns litmus paper to red	Acids
Has a sour taste	Acids
Neutralizes base	Acids
Reacts with active metals to produce hydrogen gas	Acids
Has a bitter, biting taste	Base
Has a slippery, soapy feeling (due to dissolving a thin layer of the skin)	Base
Neutralizes acids	Base
Turns litmus paper to blue	Base
It is the “battery acid” found in automobile batteries. It is also used as a dehydrating agent (one that has the ability to remove water)	Sulfuric acid
The gastric juice in the stomach is 0.1M HCl. It is called Muriatic acid in industry and is used to clean rust and paint from metals and concrete	Hydrochloric acid
It is used to make fertilizers and explosives	Nitric acid
It is used in dilute form in softdrinks and in detergents and in fertilizers	Phosphoric acid
The acid in vinegar is dilute acetic acid	Acetic acid
The acid in citrus fruits is citric acid	Citric acid
It is found in carbonated drinks	Carbonic acid
It is known as lye. It is used in soap manufacture and paper production. It is also used as drain cleaner	Sodium hydroxide
Like NaOH, it is a strong base and is used to dissolve grease and hair in clogged drains	Potassium hydroxide
As a suspension, it is known as milk of magnesia. In small dosage, it is used as an antacid, but in large amount, it is used as a laxative	Magnesium Hydroxide
It is used as an antacid with no dosage restrictions	Aluminum hydroxide
It is ammonia dissolved in water. A 2% solution of ammonia is used to revive patients who have fainted, it is used in the production of fertilizers	Ammonium hydroxide
used for accurate measurement of pH	pH meter
Normal pH range of blood	7.35 – 7.45
pH less than 7.35	acidosis
pH more than 7.45 = alkalosis	alkalosis
The reaction between an acid and a base to form a neutral solution	Neutralization
It occurs when an equivalent amount of an acid reacts with an equivalent amount of base	Neutralization
the point where an acid or base has been added in amounts equivalent to each other	Equivalence point –
Used to accomplish equivalence point	Titration
the known solution	Standard solution –
the point in titration where the indicator used undergoes a color change	End point –
Power of hydroxide	pOH
if pH = 7	neutral solution
if pH = more than 7	solution is basic
if pH = less than 7	solution is acidic
Power of hydrogen	pH
Non-metal oxide	Acid Anhydride
non-metal + water =	oxyacid
Metal oxide	Basic Anyhydride
Acid oxides	Acid Anhydride
Basic oxide	Basic Anyhydride
metal oxide + water	metal hydroxide (base)
Developed as a more convenient way of expressing hydrogen ion concentration	pH and POH concepts
increase the concentration of hydrogen ions	Acids
decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions (by accepting them)	Bases
The acidity or basicity of something, therefore, can be measured by its hydrogen ion concentration.	True
invented the pH scale for measuring acidity	Danish biochemist Sören Sörensen
pH scale formula	pH = -log [H+]
is commonly abbreviated by using square brackets	concentration
hydrogen ion concentration	[H+]
Substances with a pH between 0 and less than 7	acids
Lower pH means higher hydrogen ion concentration	True
Substances with a pH greater than 7 and up to 14	Bases
Higher pH means lower hydrogen ion concentration	True
pH= 7	Neutral
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures	True
Major component of a solution	Solvent
Minor components of a solution	Solute
The maximum amount of a substance dissolved in a given volume of solvent is called	Solubility
A solution that has reached the maximum solubility	Saturated solution
the solute is constantly being dissolved and deposited at an equal rate	equilibrium
Substances such as H2, O2, N2, CH4, CCl4 etc. are called	non-polar compounds
s H2O, NH3, CH3OH, NO, CO, HCl, H2S, H3P etc. are called	polar compounds
liquids that are capable of mixing and forming solutions.	miscible
solubility of methyl alcohol and water	miscible
liquids that are insoluble in each other	immiscible
solubility of oil and water	immiscible
Nonpolar compounds tend to be more soluble in nonpolar solvents than in polar solvents	True
an increase in temperature results in increased solubility.	True
contains a relatively small amount of dissolved solute	dilute solution
contains a relatively large amount of solute	concentrated solution
expresses the concentration of solution as the percent of solute in a given mass of solution.	Mass percent
A final way to express the concentration of a solution is by its	Molality (m)
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.	Molarity (M)
is a measure of concentration equal to the gram equivalent weight per liter of solution.	Normality
describes the amount of gram equivalent of compound present in the solution	Normality
describes the number of moles present in the solution.	Molarity
In a chemical reaction atom are neither created nor destroyed. All atoms present in the reactants must also be present in the products.	True
is a shorthand expression for a chemical change or reaction.	Chemical equation
arrow	indicates the direction of the reaction.
The reactants are placed to the left and the products to the right of the arrow	True
is placed between reactants and between products when needed.	Plus sign
are placed in front of the substances to balance the equation and to indicate the number of units (atoms, molecules, moles, ions) of each substance reacting or being produced.	Coefficient
, a delta sign place above the arrow (∆)indicates that __________ is supplied to the reaction	heat
The balanced equation therefore obeys the ____________	law of conservation of mass.
A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single new substance.	Combination reaction
Also called synthesis reactions	Combination reaction
A + B ---> AB	Combination reaction
are capable of adopting multiple positive charges within their ionic compounds	Transition metals
Starts from a single substance and produces more than one substance	Decomposition reaction
One substance as a reactant and more than one substance as the products	Decomposition reaction
A(+) + BC → B + AC A(-) + BC → C + BA	Single Displacement Reactions
Two compounds exchange partners with each other to produce two different compounds	Double Displacement Reactions
AB + CD → AD + CB	Double Displacement Reactions
solution a system in which one or more substances are _________ or dissolved in another substances	homogeneously mixed
least abundant	solute
dissolving agent	solvent

Created by: 3236359259953888

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