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Intro to Psych
Basic Psychology terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | Psychology is the study of human behavior and mental processes |
| Behavior | Anything that people can observe or measure |
| Mental Processes/ Cognitive Activities | the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses |
| Goals of Psychology | 1. Describe 2. Explain 3. Predict 4. Control (NOT CURE) |
| Psychodynamic/ Psychoanalytic Perspective | (Unconscious mind) Behavior is shaped by unconscious motivations Unresolved conflicts from childhood Recommended treatment: therapy in which a qualified professional makes you aware of your unresolved conflicts. |
| Behavior/ Learning Perspective | (Rooted in experiences) We lack control of ourselves We merely respond to environment Behaviors based off of likely consequences (reward and punishment) Recommended: change the rewards and punishments |
| Humanist Perspective | Rooted in mind and needs We are who we choose to be All humans are good Basic needs must be met to reach one’s unique potential Recommended treatment: help people achieve their unmet needs and provide acceptance + encouragement. |
| Biological/ Evolutionary Perspective | Rooted In biology Neuroscience (chemicals, structures, brain damage) Evolutionary (genetic problems) Recommended treatment: medications |
| Sociocultural Perspective | view of society Behavior is shaped by the cultural expectations of our setting Changes in our social setting can because drastic changes in us. Recommended treatment: place yourself in a culture that encourages positive actions. |
| Cognitive Perspective | How you think Internal perception (or maps) of the world) Focuses on mental processes and thoughts Recommended treatment: replace an individual’s negative thoughts about a situation or their capabilities with a more positive outlook. |
| Nature | measure of how much a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factors |
| Nurture | Stresses importance of environment and learning |
| Twin Studies | Twin studies are studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins. They aim to reveal the importance of environmental and genetic influences for traits, phenotypes, and disorders. |
| Isolation | a defense mechanism that relies on keeping unwelcome thoughts and feelings from forming associative links with other thoughts and feelings, with the result that the unwelcome thought is rarely activated. |
| Basic Research | Seeking knowledge for knowledge’s sake |
| Applied Research | Studying issues to apply findings to solve problems |
| Quantitative Research | emphasize measurement, numbers, statistics - can generate a large quantity quickly |
| Qualitative Research | emphasize observation and interpreting peoples’ behavior - can take years |
| Survey Method | Researcher gathers data by asking people directly (survey) Strength: can rapidly survey large populations of people, computer can aid in sorting out Weaknesses: information may not be accurate, questions may be worded weirdly |
| Examples of Survey Method | questionnaires, interviews, polls, census data |
| Response Bias | Answering questions in a certain way that you think is more favorable. Can happen because of how questions are phrased. |
| Correlation | relationships between 2 variables. Does not mean Causation. |
| Causation | one variable directly impacts another variable. |
| Sampling | Choosing participants for a study |
| Population | whole group you want to study |
| Sample | part of the target population you actually asked |
| Random Sample | individuals are selected by chance |
| Stratified Sample | subgroups are represented at the same ratio in which they occur in the population |
| Representative Sample | sample that accurately represents the diversity within a target population |
| Experimental Method | Only method that can prove/disprove cause and effect Carefully observe participants to determine how the treatment influence behavior Weaknesses: Experiment may not reflect real life,all variables may not be accounted for |
| Placebo | fake treatment given to control group for the effectiveness of tested treatment. |
| Hawthorne Effect | People act differently in study if they know they are being studied. |
| Independent Variable | The variable that is added to experiment |
| Dependent Variable | The variable that is being affected by the independent variable |
| Confounding Variable | a third variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables |
| Experimental Group | Group that receives the treatment in the experiment |
| Control Group | the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied |
| Observational Research | Observe behavior |
| Case Study | in-depth investigation of an individual or small group [singular] |
| Cross-Sectional Method | Instead of studying the same group over years, select sample of people from different groups/ages |
| Longitudinal method | Select group of participants and study them over long period of time |
| Naturalistic Method | Observe people in their natural setting or habits |
| Laboratory Method | Setting that is set-up to test desired behavior |
| Ethics | moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. |
| Validity | Testing what you actually set out to test (accuracy of the data) |
| Reliability | When research can be replicated, it is consistent (consistency of data) |
Created by:
SonikaT
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