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Psych Unit 1 and 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation vs Perception | Sensation is your senses, the process of your body recieving outside signals and stimulis from your eyes, ears, nose, etc Perception is how your brain interprets outside information being provided, Ex: something might be percieved as happy/sad/good/bad |
| Nature vs Nurture | Nature is the belief that people are inatly born with our knowledge/mind Nurture is the belief that our knowledge/mind is molded by our environments |
| Structuralism | Analyzing the adult mind, simple components to complex experiences, founded by Wilhelm Wundt |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Founder of Structuralism and explored sensation and perception |
| Introspection | When people reflect on their thoughts/feelings after stimuli |
| Functionalism | Direct outgrowth of Darwinian thinking, focusing attention on the purpose of human behavior changing over the years, founded by William James |
| William James | Founder of Functionalism, influenced by ideas of biological and evolutional inheritance on the human mind and behavior |
| Psychoanalysis | Field of Psychology that focuses on the treatment of mental illnesses, founded by Sigmund Freud |
| Sigmund Freud | Treated illness by listening to patients talk, felt that our thoughts, behaviors, and perceptions are shaped by our past and primitive instincts |
| Behaviorism | Human and animal behavior can be explained through terms of conditioning (BF Skinner) |
| John Watson | Investigated animal and children responses to stimuli |
| Ivan Pavlov | Trained dogs to salivate at the ring of a bell since the associated the bell with receiving food. |
| Classical Conditioning vs Operant Conditioning | Classical conditioning focused on learned behaviors in response to stimuli and situations. Operant conditioning focuses on learned behaviors in a way to obtain rewards and avoid punishments. |
| BF Skinner | Trained human and animal behaviors through operant conditioning (controlled stimuli and their consequences) Felt that free will doesn't exist and all behavior is learned. |
| Humanism | Emphasizes the individual's inherent drive towards self actualization. The process of realizing and expressing one's own creativity. |
| Carl Rogers | Believed behaviorists and freudians were too limited and narrow |
| Cognitive Psychology | Field of psychology that studies mental processes like attention, language use, memory, perception, and thinking. |
| Domains: Biological, Developmental, Educational, Industrial-Operational, Social | Main perspectives in psychology |
| Theory | Explanations that organize observations and predict outcomes |
| Hypothesis | A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation |
| Operational Definition | Exact procedures so the experiment can be replicated |
| Longitudinal study | Observational research method in which data is gatherers from the same subjects over a period of time |
| Experimental vs Control Group | Experimental group - the group exposed to treatment Control group - group not exposed to treatment |
| Double Blind Study | Where both the research participants and staff are unaware of which group has the placebo |
| Independent vs Dependent Variables | Independent - manipulated factor Dependant - observe the effect |
| Confounding Variables | Undesired variables that can impact the data |
| Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Standard Deviation | Mean - average score Median - middle score Mode - most often occuring Range - high to low Standard deviation - measure of how much scores vary around the mean |
| Scatter plot vs HIstogram, vs Bar graph | Scatter plot - a graph cluster with 2 variables with slope suggesting relationship Histogram - bar graph without the spaces Bar graph - bar graph with spaces |
| Positive vs Negative Correlation Coefficient | Positive correlation - a right skew due to a long tail on the positive direction of a number line Negative correlation - a skew in the data to the left |
| Descriptive vs Inferential statistics | Descriptive - numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of a group Inferential - to infer from sample data the probability of being true of a population |
| Statistical Significance | The likelihood that chance was not responsible for the results of the study |
| Sample size impact on validity | Small samples can produce inconsistent unreliable results. |
| Biological Basis of Behavior: | Techniques to study the brain |
| Central Nervous System | Contains the spine and the brain in the center of the body |
| Peripheral Nervous System | The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
| Somatic Nervous System | Part of the Peripheral System, it controls voluntary movements and communication to and from the sense organs, you control these movements |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Part of the Peripheral System, controls involuntary functions or items that happen automatically within our body Ex: Heatbeat |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Part of the Autonomic System, Physically arouses the body, preparing it to act/react in stressful situations, expending energy and initiates fight or flight |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Part of the Autonimic System, calms the body, conserving it's energy and helping keep homeostasis, initiates rest and digest |
| Neuron | Basic functioning units of the nervous system, used to send messages/information |
| Sensory Neurons | Afferent, carries incoming messages/information from the sense receptors to the CNS |
| Interneurons | The only neurons in the CNS, acting as messengers between sensory and motor neurons |
| Motor Neurons | Efferent, carries outgoing information from the CNS to the peripheral nervous system and muscles. |
| Soma | Cell body, contains the nucleus |
| Dendrite | Recieve incoming messages from other neurons |
| Axon | The longest part of the neuron which the electrical message travels through |
| Myelin Sheath | Fatty tissue that insulates the axon and speeds up the transition of the message |
| Nodes of Ranvier | The space between the myelin sheath |
| Schwann Cell | Non neuronal cells in the CNS that form the myelin sheath |
| Action Potential | The electrical impulse or message that travels the length of the axon |
| Resting Potential | When a neuron is not firing, has a negative charge with mostly sodium on the outside and potasium on the inside |
| Polarization | At resting potential/homeostasis |
| Synaptic Gap | The open space between 2 neurons |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical substances that cross the synapse to carry on the message to the next neuron |
| Reuptake | The time after firing that a neuron is focused on resting and therefore is unabe to fire again, sodium goes back out and potassium goes back in |
| Agonist | Mimics neurotransmitter activity, works like a master key but is not the original, |
| Antagonist | Blocks neurotransmitter activity, fits into receptor sites like a fake key and doesn't allow the original neurotransmitter to work |
| Endocrine System | Communicates with the brain by releasing hormones into the bloodstream |
| Hormones | Released into and circulate through the bloodstream and are only recieved at a specific site |
| Adrenal Gland | Releases epinephrine and noepinephrine - helps individuals generate extra energy to deal with difficult situations, regulates fight or flight response, and metabolism |
| Pituitary Gland | The "master gland" that regulates activity of all other glands in the endocrine system, directed by the hypothalamus |
| Lesion | Experimentally destroys brain tissue to study behaviors after such destruction |
| Plasticity | Neuroplacticity, the brains ability to continuously change throughout one's life due to its use (if you don't use it you lose it) |
| EEG | Electroencephalogram, an amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain's surface measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |
| CAT | Computerized tomography, a series of X-ray images to produce images of the body and brain |
| MRI/fMRI | Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI produces images that distinguish types of brain tissue, fMRI measures brain activity through blood flow changes |
| Frontal Lobe | In front of the motor cortext, controls functions like judgement, planning, producing speech sounds, emotions, personality, temperment, and movement |
| Motor Cortex | At the back of the Frontal Lobe, largely responsible for voluntary movement |
| Sensory Cortex | Located at the front of the Parietal Lobe, largely responsible for percieving touch and pressure on parts of the body |
| Parietal Lobe | Located at the back of the Sensory Cortex, controls functions like body position, spatial reasoning like touch/pressure, somatosensory cortex |
| Occipital Lobe | Controls functions like vision (primary visual cortex) |
| Temporal Lobe | Controls functions like hearing (primary auditory cortex), storing long term memories, speech, language, and understanding |
| Cerebellum | Located under the cerebrum, coordinates muscle movement, balance and mantains posture |
| Thalamus | Serves as a relay station for all information that comes and goes to the cortex, focuses on pain sensations, attention, alertness, and memory |
| Hypothalamus | Master control of the Autonomic system, focuses on hunger, thirst, sexual response, body temp., blood pressure, and emotions and hormones |
| Amygdala | System for processing fearful and threatening stimuli - fear, pleasure, anger |
| Hippocampus | Responsible for encoding long term memories and learning |
| Franz Gall: | nvented phrenology, the inaccurate theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character |
| Phineas Gage: | Railroad construction worker who survived an iron rod through his head but later suffered personality changes |
| Roger Sperry: | Studied split brain research, the severing of the corpus callosum |
| Michael Gazzaniga: | Best known for his studies on the left and right hemispheres of the brain |
| Cross sectional studies | A type of observational study that analyzes data from a population and a specific point in time |
| Correlational studies | How 2 factors are linked and can predict one another |
| Depressants | Drugs that reduce nerve activities and slow body functions Ex: Alchohol, barbituates |
| Stimulants | Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions Ex: Caffine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstacy, meth |
| Hallucinogens | Psychadelic (mind manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input Ex: LSD, Marijuana |
| Dopamine | Parkinsons |
| Seretonin | Depression |
| Acetocholine | Alzhiemers |
Created by:
Keira Shafer
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