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Psych AP Unit 1
Psych AP Unit 1- Research
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hindsight Bias | tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have forseen it |
| Overconfidence | overestimate accuracy to one's beliefs and judgements |
| Generalization | taking small samples in out life and making generalizations; "stereotyping" |
| Curiosity | to understand without being mislead |
| Skepticism | doubt; clarity in definition or claim |
| Humility | ability to reject one's own ideas |
| Theory | explanation with set of principles that organizes and predicts observable events |
| Hypothesis | testable prediction that is proves leads to a theory |
| Predicted Relationship Between Variables | within theory what researcher expecting to see as a result of study |
| Operation Definition | statement of procedures used to define research variables |
| Replication | repeating essence of a study to see if basic finding generalized to other subjects and situations |
| Case Study | observation technique where 1 person is studied in depth in hopes to reveal universal principles |
| Advantages of Case Study | well-suited for study of certain phenomena |
| Disadvantages of Case Study | easy for "exceptions" to rule |
| Impact of Wording | affects the way people respond to the question; varies results |
| False Consensus Effect | tendency to overestimate extent to which others share our beliefs/behaviors |
| Population | all people in a group where samples may be drawn for a study |
| Sample Size | larger it is, truer the results |
| Random Sample | fairly represents a population because each member has equal chance of inclusion |
| Representative Sample | people studied reflect demographics of studied population |
| Cross Sectional Study | people of different ages compared with one another |
| Advantage of Cross Sectional Study | large sample, less expensive, quick |
| Disadvantage of Cross Sectional Study | only studied at one point in time |
| Longitudinal Study | same people restudied and retested over long period |
| Advantage of Longitudinal Study | age changes, more reliable and in-depth |
| Disadvantage of Longitudinal Study | small sample and more expensive |
| Naturalistic Observation | subject observed in natural habitat without manipulation by observer |
| Advantage of Naturalistic Observation | minimizes artificiality |
| Disadvantage of Naturalistic Observation | can't explain why/reason for pattern of behavior |
| Correlation | measure of extent to which two factors vary together and how well each factor predicts the other |
| Correlation Coefficient | strength of relationship of two factors on scale of +1.0 to -1.0 |
| Scatterplot | graphed cluster of dots representing values of two variables |
| Positive Correlation | increase in one variable leads to predictive increase in another variable |
| Negative Correlation | increase in one variable leads to predictive decrease in another variable |
| Causation | definitively claim that an event results directly from another event; only way to prove = experiment |
| Third Variable Problem | observed correlation may be result of common correlation to third variable rather than relationship between the two studied |
| Illusionary Correlation | false perception of relationship between 2 events when none exists |
| Perception of Order in Random Events | most occurrences in life random, but we focus on exception rather than the rule |
| Experiment | researcher directly manipulated 1st factors to observe effect on some behavior |
| Placebo Effect | inert substance or condition administered instead of active agent |
| Open Label Placebo | when people are aware but it still has same effect as actual medicine |
| Nocebo | negative effect of fake pill if patient believes that it will |
| Single Blind Study | subject does not know what they are tested on; prevents placebo effect |
| Double-Blind Study | subject and researcher do not know whether subject has treatment or placebo; prevents expectation of researcher and subject |
| Experimental Group | exposes subject to treatment to one version of independent variable |
| Control Group | group that serves as comparison for evaluating effect of treatment |
| Random Assignment | assigning subjects to experimental and control conditions by choice |
| Independent Variable | researcher manipulates one or more factors |
| Dependent Variable | effect of behavior or mental process |
| Confederate | person employed by researcher to act in a specific way to impact experiment |
| Confounding Variables | extraneous variable that affects variables being studied so results don't reflect actual relationship |
| Skewed Distribution | due to one or two outlying variables |
| Normal Curve | same number above or below mean |
| Standard Deviation | average amount the scores in a distribution deviate around mean |
| Statistical Significance | low probability that effect in a study happened by chance |
| Practical Significance | dependent variable significantly altered by change of independent variable supports hypothesis |
| Statistical Inference | researcher generalizes results from sample to entire population |
Created by:
golden_wonwoo
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