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AP Psych Module 1&2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Wilhelm Wundt | "father of psychology", established the first psych lab at the University of Leipzig, Germany, sought to measure "atoms of the mind" (fastest and simplest mental processes) |
| G. Stanley Hall | American psychologist, established the first psych research lab in the U.S., founded the American Psychological Association (APA) |
| Edward Titchener | introduced the idea of structuralism, aimed to discover the structural elements of the mind, engaged people in self-reflection (unreliable since it varies for each person) |
| structuralism | early school thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind |
| William James | assumed that thinking developed because it was adaptive-it contributed to our ancestors' survival, (functionalist) encouraged exploration of emotions, memories, habits, etc. |
| Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |
| functionalism | a school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental/behavioral processes function (how they enable the organism to adapt, survive and flourish) |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | James tutored her privately as the only woman to study psychology; became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be the president of the APA |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | the first official woman to receive a psych Ph.D.; synthesized animal behavior research in her book, The Animal Mind |
| Sigmund Freud | emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes affect our behavior |
| John B. Watson | emphasized on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat because of a loud noise associated with the rat (behaviorism) |
| B.F. Skinner | behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats, studied how consequences shaped behavior |
| behaviorists | people who believed that psychology should be an objective science (many psychologists today agree) AND that studies behavior without referring to mental processes |
| freudian psychology | emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior |
| psychodynamic approach | updated version of freudian psychology, emphasizes unconscious thought processes |
| humanistic psychologists | emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth |
| Carl Rogers | humanistic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality, drew attention to ways that environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential |
| Abraham Maslow | humanistic; hierarchy of needs (needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, trascendence |
| cognitive psychology | the scientific study of all the mental activitiews associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation |
| introspection | looking inward |
| experimental psychologists | studying behavior and thinking using the experiemental method |
| cognitive neuroscience | the study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
| psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |
| behavior | anything an organism does, any action you can observe/record (yelling, smiling, blinking, sweating) |
| mental processes | internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, feelings, etc.) |
| Ivan Pavlov | discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell |
| Jean Piaget | known for his theory of cognitive development in children |
| nature vs. nuture | the controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors; modern scientists say it's a mixture of both |
| levels of analysis | the differing complementary views, from bioogical to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
| biopsychosocial approach | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |
| behavioral psychology | the study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning |
| biological psychology | the study of the links between biological and psychological processes |
| evolutionary psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection |
| humanistic psychology | focused on how we meet our needs for love and acceptance, how we want self-achievement |
| psychodynamic psychology | studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders |
| social-cultural psychology | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking |
| psychometrics | the study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits |
| basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| biological psychologists | focused on how the body and brain enable emotions and memories, and how genes and the environment influence differences |
| developmental psychologists | study physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span |
| cognitive psychologists | experiement with how we perceive, think, and solve problems |
| educational psychologists | study how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning |
| personality psychologists | study an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
| social psychologists | study how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
| industrial-organizational psychologists | apply psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces |
| human factors psychologists | explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use |
| counseling psychologists | assist people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
| clinical psychologists | studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| psychiatrists | deals with psychological disorders; practied by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy |
| community psychologists | studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups |
| Dorothea Dix | rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients, created first wave of U.S. mental asylums |
| Martin Seligman | conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness" |
| positive psychology | the study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive |
Created by:
sophien15
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