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AP Psych Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Confounding (variable) | any variable other than the IV that could cause a change in the DV thus creating differences between groups |
| Independent (variable) | this is the variable that the experimenters are manipulating |
| Dependent (variable) | this is the variable that the experimenters are measuring change in |
| Control (group) | the group in a study that acts as the baseline for comparison against groups that received the IV |
| Experimental (group) | the group in a study that gets the IV |
| Operational Definition(s) | strict classifications/instructions given to test subjects to indicate what counts for certain data points to minimize human subjectivity. Details your variables and aids in replication |
| Placebo Effect | when people feel the effects of a real drug/treatment when they are actually given something with no physiological effect at all, but told it is the real thing |
| Placebo | a drug/treatment given to a group of people that has no physiological effect at all, but subjects are told is the real drug/treatment |
| Placebo (group) | the group of people that receive the placebo |
| Null hypothesis | the statement that says that the IV will have no effect on the DV |
| Reject | If the IV did have an effect on the DV, the experimenters would _______ the Null Hypothesis |
| Hypothesis | the statement which predicts that the IV will affect the DV and to what extent |
| Statistical significance | something is said to have ________ _____________ if the results indicate that it is not likely due to chance- some cause/effect was shown |
| Double blind (experiment) | a method of controlling for experimenter bias in which both the experimenter and the participants are unaware of who is in the placebo group and who is in the experimental group |
| Environmental (confounding variable) | a type of confounding variable which has to do with the ambient surroundings of the test, and is harder to control |
| Random assignment | a method of eliminating participant based confounding variables by arbitrarily mixing people up. Participants should have an equal chance of getting into your control or experimental groups |
| Mean | the statistical term for the average of a data set |
| Median | the statistical term for the middle value of a data set |
| Mode | the statistical term for the most frequent value of a data set |
| Self reporting | a method of data collection in which participants are to measure data themselves and deliver it back to experimenters. It is inherently inaccurat |
| Replication | a necessary component to proving any hypothesis that states that you must be able to repeat an experiment in conditions controlled by a third party multiple times |
| Correlational (research) | research to examine the link between variables, such as whether they tend to occur together and, if so, in what direction |
| Positive correlation | correlation where a change in one variable coincides with that same change in another variable |
| Negative correlation | correlation where a change in one variable coincides with the opposite change in another variable |
| Correlation coefficients | numbers that represent the strength of the correlation. Ranges from +1 to -1 |
| Measures of central tendency | a group of statistics which includes things such as mode, median, and mean |
| Descriptive | measures of central tendency are a type of ____________ (descriptive/inferential) statistic |
| Ethical | experiments are required to follow certain _______ guidelines in order to be approved for human or animal testing |
| Institutional review board | this is a group, usually at a university, that assesses the ethics of an experiment and approves it |
| Informed consent | an ethical guideline that describes how researchers must provide information on any risks and the test subject must voluntarily and willingly agree to participation |
| Confidentiality | an ethical guideline that describes how researchers may not release of publish the names of any participants |
| Minimal | the ethical guideline of participant protection states that participants should be subjected to __________ mental or physical harm |
| Discontinue | according to ethical standards, participants have the right to ________, or end their participation during any phase of an experiment |
| Deception | researchers have an obligation to avoid ____________ with participants whenever possible. If impossible, there must be a strong scientific or medical justification for the deceit |
| Debrief | according to ethical standards, participants are entitled to a ________ of the experiment upon request, where the full nature of the research any findings are to be disclosed. |
| John B. Watson | known as the father of behaviorism, this is the researcher that performed an experiment on phobias on the orphaned Little Albert |
| Cohort Effect | a confounding variable in cross-sectional research where differences among people can arise based on the historical period in which that group lived |
| Voluntary response (bias) | a bias in surveys where answers may be skewed due to the fact that the test subjects were mostly the people who Tend to Volunteer for things, which may bring along with it other confounding variables |
| Framing | a generalized term concerned with the wording of a survey question |
| Naturalistic observation | a method of research where people are monitored in their Natural Environment in an attempt to get real and not artificial behavior from them |
| Third variable | the potential problem with correlational data where two variables may seem correlated, but in reality both of those changes are due to a ___________. |
| Population | a group of people experimenters wish to study |
| Representative sample | a small selection of people from larger population to participate in an experiment to represent the population as a whole |
| Generalization | an overarching conclusion drawn about a population as a whole based on a small sample of participants, whether representative r not |
| Scatterplot | a graphical method of charging data gathered from correlational research |
| Confounding (variable) | any variable other than the IV that could cause a change in the DV thus creating differences between groups |
| Independent (variable) | this is the variable that the experimenters are manipulating |
| Dependent (variable) | this is the variable that the experimenters are measuring change in |
| Control (group) | the group in a study that acts as the baseline for comparison against groups that received the IV |
| Experimental (group) | the group in a study that gets the IV |
| Operational Definition(s) | strict classifications/instructions given to test subjects to indicate what counts for certain data points to minimize human subjectivity. Details your variables and aids in replication |
| Placebo Effect | when people feel the effects of a real drug/treatment when they are actually given something with no physiological effect at all, but told it is the real thing |
| Placebo | a drug/treatment given to a group of people that has no physiological effect at all, but subjects are told is the real drug/treatment |
| Placebo (group) | the group of people that receive the placebo |
| Null hypothesis | the statement that says that the IV will have no effect on the DV |
| Reject | If the IV did have an effect on the DV, the experimenters would _______ the Null Hypothesis |
| Hypothesis | the statement which predicts that the IV will affect the DV and to what extent |
| Statistical significance | something is said to have ________ _____________ if the results indicate that it is not likely due to chance- some cause/effect was shown |
| Double blind (experiment) | a method of controlling for experimenter bias in which both the experimenter and the participants are unaware of who is in the placebo group and who is in the experimental group |
| Environmental (confounding variable) | a type of confounding variable which has to do with the ambient surroundings of the test, and is harder to control |
| Random assignment | a method of eliminating participant based confounding variables by arbitrarily mixing people up. Participants should have an equal chance of getting into your control or experimental groups |
| Mean | the statistical term for the average of a data set |
| Median | the statistical term for the middle value of a data set |
| Mode | the statistical term for the most frequent value of a data set |
| Self reporting | a method of data collection in which participants are to measure data themselves and deliver it back to experimenters. It is inherently inaccurat |
| Replication | a necessary component to proving any hypothesis that states that you must be able to repeat an experiment in conditions controlled by a third party multiple times |
| Correlational (research) | research to examine the link between variables, such as whether they tend to occur together and, if so, in what direction |
| Positive correlation | correlation where a change in one variable coincides with that same change in another variable |
| Negative correlation | correlation where a change in one variable coincides with the opposite change in another variable |
| Correlation coefficients | numbers that represent the strength of the correlation. Ranges from +1 to -1 |
| Measures of central tendency | a group of statistics which includes things such as mode, median, and mean |
| Descriptive | measures of central tendency are a type of ____________ (descriptive/inferential) statistic |
| Ethical | experiments are required to follow certain _______ guidelines in order to be approved for human or animal testing |
| Institutional review board | this is a group, usually at a university, that assesses the ethics of an experiment and approves it |
| Informed consent | an ethical guideline that describes how researchers must provide information on any risks and the test subject must voluntarily and willingly agree to participation |
| Confidentiality | an ethical guideline that describes how researchers may not release of publish the names of any participants |
| Minimal | the ethical guideline of participant protection states that participants should be subjected to __________ mental or physical harm |
| Discontinue | according to ethical standards, participants have the right to ________, or end their participation during any phase of an experiment |
| Deception | researchers have an obligation to avoid ____________ with participants whenever possible. If impossible, there must be a strong scientific or medical justification for the deceit |
| Debrief | according to ethical standards, participants are entitled to a ________ of the experiment upon request, where the full nature of the research any findings are to be disclosed. |
| John B. Watson | known as the father of behaviorism, this is the researcher that performed an experiment on phobias on the orphaned Little Albert |
| Cohort Effect | a confounding variable in cross-sectional research where differences among people can arise based on the historical period in which that group lived |
| Voluntary response (bias) | a bias in surveys where answers may be skewed due to the fact that the test subjects were mostly the people who Tend to Volunteer for things, which may bring along with it other confounding variables |
| Framing | a generalized term concerned with the wording of a survey question |
| Naturalistic observation | a method of research where people are monitored in their Natural Environment in an attempt to get real and not artificial behavior from them |
| Third variable | the potential problem with correlational data where two variables may seem correlated, but in reality both of those changes are due to a ___________. |
| Population | a group of people experimenters wish to study |
| Representative sample | a small selection of people from larger population to participate in an experiment to represent the population as a whole |
| Generalization | an overarching conclusion drawn about a population as a whole based on a small sample of participants, whether representative r not |
| Scatterplot | a graphical method of charging data gathered from correlational research |
Created by:
estherckim
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