Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
psychology chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| operational definitions | statements of procedures that specify how concepts can be observed and measured |
| theories are based on _________ evidence | empirical |
| hypothesis | a specific, testable prediction based on theory |
| reactivity | questioning whether individuals changed their behaviors because they knew they were being observed |
| observer bias | errors in observation that occur because of an observer's expectation |
| naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations, where the observer does not manipulate or control anything |
| case-study | in-depth examinations of someone in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| self-report methods | methods of data collection in which people are asked to provide information on experiences, attitudes, and behaviors (surveys & questionnaires |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents the whole population because all individuals have an equal chance of being selected |
| convenience sample | a sample consisting of people who are conveniently available for the study |
| volunteer bias | people who feel strongly enough to volunteer may have different opinions than those who didn't volunteer |
| correlational studies | a method that describes and predicts how variables are naturally related in the real world (cannot draw cause-and-effect relationships) |
| correlational coefficient | indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables |
| positive correlation | as one variable increases, the other does as well |
| negative correlation | as one variable increases, the other decreases |
| zero correlation | changes in one variable have no effect on the other |
| directionality problem | the researchers may find a relationship between two variables but they are unsure which once caused the other one to change |
| third variable problem | a problem that occurs when researchers cannot directly manipulate another variable |
| independent variable | the variable that is changed or manipulated |
| dependent variable | the variable that is being observed |
| experimental group | the group that is being given the treatment |
| control group | participants that are not subjected to the independent variable but may receive placebo treatment |
| confounding variables | an uncontrolled variable that changes with the independent variable |
| internal validity | the extent to which an experiment controlled its confounding variables |
| external validity | the extent to which the findings of the experiment apply naturally, in the real world |
| random assignment | the act of assigning participants to the experimental group and control group, but doing it in a way where each participant has the equal opportunity to be a part of each group |
| placebo effect | the expectations of the participants in a study can influence behavior |
| single-blind study | a study where the participants do not know if they're in the experimental group or the control group |
| experimenter's bais | influence of the experimenter's expectations on the results of a study |
| double-blind study | neither the experimenter or the participants know if they're in the control group or the experimental group |
| confound | anything that affects an independent variable and a dependent variable |
| institutional review boards (IRB's) | people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it meets the accepted standards of science and it doesn't hinder the emotional and physical well-being of participants |
| construct validity | the extent to which variables measure what they're supposed to measure |
| descriptive statistics | stats that summarize the data collected in a study |
| central tendancy | a measure that represents the typical response of the group as a whole (mean, median, mode) |
| variability | in a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from one another |
| standard deviation | a statistical measure of how far away each value is from the median |
| inferential statistics | a set of procedures that enables researchers to decide whether differences to two groups are only by chance or whether they reflect true differences in the populations being observed |
| meta-analysis | the study of studies (provides stronger evidence) |
Created by:
bellabarkley
Popular Psychology sets