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Week 6a
Vision - Psychology 1A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Wavelength | - the distance over which a wave of energy completes a full oscillation - measured in nanometres |
| Cornea | - the tough, transparent tissue covering the front of the eyeball - where light enters the eye |
| Pupil | the opening in the centre of the iris that constricts or dilates to regulate the amount of light entering the eye |
| Iris | the ring of pigmented tissue that gives the eye its blue, green, or brown colour; its muscle fibers cause the pupil to constrict or dilate to regulate the amount of light entering the eye |
| Lens | the disc-shaped, elastic structure of the eye that focuses light |
| Accommodation | - in vision, the changes in the shape of the lens that focus light rays - the lens flattens for distant objects and becomes more rounded or spherical for closer objects |
| Retina | - the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural impulses - contains two types of light receptors called rods and cones |
| Rods | - photoreceptors that allow vision in dim light - produce vision in black, white, and grey - concentrated off the centre of the retina |
| Cones | - photoreceptors, which are specialised for colour vision and allow perception of fine detail - require more light to be activated - concentrated in the centre of the retina in the fovea |
| Bipolar cells | neurons in the retina that combine information from many receptors and excite ganglion cells |
| Ganglion cells | nerve cells in the retina that integrate information from multiple bipolar cells, the axons of which bundle together to form the optic nerve |
| Optic nerve | the bundle of axons of ganglion cells that carries information from the retina to the brain |
| Fovea | the central region of the retina, where light is most directly focused by the lens |
| Blind spot | the point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye and which contains no receptor cells |
| Dark adaptation | the process of adjusting to a dimly illuminated setting |
| Light adaptation | the process of adjusting to bright light after exposure to darkness |
| Receptive field | - located on ganglion cells - a region within which a neuron responds to appropriate stimulation |
| First neural pathway | projects to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and then to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes |
| Second neural pathway | projects to a clump of neurons in the midbrain known as the superior colliculus, which in humans helps control eye movements |
| Blindsight | a phenomenon in which individuals with cortical lesions have no conscious visual awareness but can make discriminations about objects placed in front of them |
| Feature detectors | a neuron that fires only when stimulation in its receptive field matches a particular pattern or orientation |
| Simple cells | feature detectors that respond most vigorously to lines of a particular orientation, such as horizontal or vertical, in an exact location in the visual field |
| Complex cells | generally cover a larger receptive field and respond when a stimulus of the proper orientation falls anywhere within their receptive field, not just at a particular location |
| Hypercomplex cells | require that a stimulus be of a specific size or length to fire |
| 'What' pathway | the pathway running from the striate cortex in the occipital lobes through the lower part of the temporal lobes, involved in determining what an object is |
| 'Where' pathway | the pathway running from the striate cortex through the middle and upper regions of the temporal lobes and up into the parietal lobes, involved in locating an object in space, following its movement and guiding movement towards it |
| Hue | the sensory quality people normally consider colour |
| Saturation | a colour's purity |
| Lightness | the extent to which a colour is light or dark |
| Trichromatic theory (Young-Helmholtz theory) | - proposes that the eye contains three types of receptors, each sensitive to wavelengths of light that produce sensations of blue, green and red - operates at the level of the retina |
| Opponent-process theory | - a theory of colour vision that proposes the existence of three antagonistic colour systems: a blue–yellow system, a red–green system and a black–white system - operates at higher neural levels |
Created by:
KathrynT
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