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Week 1
Introduction to Psychology - Psychology 1A
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | the scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering & feeling) and behaviour. |
| Positive psychology | focuses on understanding and harnessing positive emotions and actively stimulating conditions that produce valued, subjective experiences that help people flourish. |
| Cross-cultural psychology | tries to distinguish universal psychological processes from those that are specific to particular cultures. |
| Biopsychology | examines the physical basis of psychological phenomena such as memory, emotion and stress. |
| Free will | - we freely choose our actions - human action follows from human intention |
| Determinism | - behaviour is cause by things outside our control - physical forces determine actions |
| Mind-body problem | the question of how mental and physical events interact |
| Wilhelm Wundt | founded first psychological lab in Leipzig, Germany |
| Introspection | - used by Wundt and other structuralists - process of looking inward and reporting on one's conscious experience |
| Structuralism | - Edward Titchener - attempted to uncover basic elements of consciousness through introspection |
| Functionalism | - William James - attempted to explain psychological processes in terms of the role, or function, they serve |
| Paradigm | a broad system of theoretical assumptions used by a scientific community to understand its domain of study |
| Perspectives | broad ways of understanding psychological phenomena, including theoretical propositions, shared metaphors, and accepted methods of observation |
| Psychodynamic perspective | - Sigmund Freud - focuses on the interplay of mental forces |
| Behaviourist perspective | - John Watson and B.F. Skinner - focuses on learning and studies the way environmental events control behaviour |
| Humanistic perspective | - Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow - focuses on the uniqueness of the individual - assumes that people are motivated to become self-actualised (reach their full potential) |
| Cognitive perspective | - Rene Descartes - focuses on the way people perceive, process and retrieve information |
| Evolutionary perspective | - Charles Darwin - argues that many behavioural tendencies in humans evolved because they helped our ancestors survive and rear healthy offspring |
| Registered psychologist | minimum of 6 years study in an APS-accredited psychology program |
| To practice as a psychologist you are.. | legally required to be registered with the national registration scheme |
| Psychiatrist | - medical doctors - general medical degree + specialist study in psychiatry - can prescribe medication to treat mental illness |
| Psychologist | - do not have medical degrees - tertiary study in human behaviour - supervised work following studies to gain registration - cannot prescribe medication |
| Developmental psychology | studies the way thought, feeling and behaviour develop through the life span, from infancy to death |
| Social psychology | - examines interactions of individual psychology and group phenomena - examines the influence of real or imagined others on the way people behave |
| Clinical psychology | focuses on the nature and treatment of psychological processes that lead to emotional distress |
| Cognitive psychology | examines the nature of thought, memory, sensation perception and language |
| Personality psychology | examines people's enduring ways of responding in different kinds of situations and how individuals differ in the way they tend to think, feel and behave |
| Industrial/organisational psychology | examines the behaviour of people in organisations and attempts to solve organisational problems |
| Educational psychology | examines psychological processes in learning and applies psychological knowledge in educational settings |
| Health psychology | examines psychological factors involved in health and distress |
| Counselling psychology | provides diagnosis and assessment, short- and long-term counselling and therapy to individuals, couples, families, groups and organisations |
| Sport psychology | focuses on ways to enhance performance in individual athletes |
| Forensic psychology | provides services in criminal, civil and family legal contexts relevant to the prevention and treatment of criminal behaviour |
| Conservation psychology | studies the reciprocal relationships between humans and nature, with a focus on changing attitudes and behaviours to encourage conservation of the environment |
| Community psychology | examines how society influences individual, groups, and organisations with a view to understanding the mental health and wellbeing of people and the community as a whole |
Created by:
KathrynT
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