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PTAS 201
PTAS 201 Study Guide Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 ways heat can be transferred | Conduction, convection, evaporation, conversion and radiation |
| Physiological effects of heat | Increased blood flow, increased metabolism, increased stretch in connective tissue, decrease pain and muscle spasm |
| Hotpack temperature and length of treatment | 158-167' for 20-30 minutes |
| Paraffin temperature and length of treatment | 113-122' for 15-20 minutes |
| Types of paraffin application | Dip and wrap, immersion, dip and immerse, brush technique |
| Fluidotherapy and treatment time | 100-118' for 20 minutes |
| Physiologica effects of cold | Initially decreased blood flow and then increased blood flow, decreased metabolism, increase resistance to movement, increased pain threshold, decreased spasticity |
| Types of cold application | Ice massage, cold packs, iced bath, vapocoolant spray |
| Archimedes Principle | When a body is entirely or partially immersed in a fluid at rest, it may experience an upward thrust equal to the weight of fluid displaced. Upward movement is assisted; downward motion is resisted |
| Buoyancy | The force experienced as an upward thrust on the body and is in the opposite direction as the force of gravity. Buoyancy will assist movement as the limb is moved toward the surface of the water. |
| Specific Gravity | The ratio of a given volume of a substance to the mass of the same volume of water |
| Hydrostatic Pressure | The pressure exerted by the water on the immersed body. It is proportional the depth of the immersion |
| Pascal's Law | Fluid pressure is exerted equally on all surfaces at rest a given depth. |
| Surface Tension | Resistance is greater at the surface since water molecules at the surface have a greater tendency to hold together |
| Cohesion | The tendency of water molecules to adhere to one another. |
| Viscosity | Friction that occurs between molecules of a liquid and causes resistance to the liquid flow. |
| Physiological effects of water | Cleansing, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, psychological effects |
| Piezoelectric Effect | The phenomenon of developing an electric charge on certain crystals by applying mechanical pressure |
| Reverse Piezoelectric Effect | The production of mechanical energy by imposing electrical charges across a crystal |
| ERA | Effective radiating area; the size of the radiating surface of the tissue within the sound head specified by the manufacturer |
| Duty Cycle | The duty cycle is the percentage or ratio of the pulse duration (on-time) to the entire pulse period (on-time + off-time). |
| Beam Nonuniformity Ratio | The relationship between the spatial peak intensity and the spatial average intensity. |
| Cavitation | Formation, growth and pulsation of gas or vapor filled bubbles |
| Acoustic streaming | Steady, circular flow of ultrasound induced by ultrasound |
| Clinical uses of ultrasound | Increase length of tissue, decrease pain, help with wound healing, may help with tendon injury and resorption of calcium deposits, bone healing, may help with carpal tunnel |
| Methods of US application | Direct contact, immersion, fluid pillow |
| Thermal US intensity and time | 1.5 - 2.0 W/Cm2 for 5-10 minutes |
| Non-thermal intensity and time | .5 - 1.0 W/Cm2 for 5-10 minutes with 20% duty cycle |
| Phonophoresis | The introduction of substances into the body by ultrasonic energy. |
| Methods to assess edema | Infection, circumferential measurement, ROM muscle testing, neurological assessment, tissue quality assessment, photograph |
| Intermittent compression dosage | UE: 30-60 mm HgLE: 40-80 mm Hg |
| Intermittent compression treatment ration and time | 3:1 ration for 2-3 hours |
| Types of traction | skin, skeletal, manual, continuous, sustained, intermittent mechanical, positional, gravity assisted, traction by inversion |
| Inverse square law | Radiation intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source to the target. The closer you get, the stronger the radiation as it is the square of the distance |
| Cosine law | The intensity of radiation varies as the cosine of the angle incidence. The greater the angle at which the radiation strikes the skin, the less the intensity |
| Infrared | Type of light that penetrates 1-3 mm of skin and is considered superficial heat |
| Physiological effects of ultraviolet | Erythema, pigmentation, metabolic (Vitamin D), bactericidal, increased steroid production, skin hyperplasia |
| Erythema effects | Suberythmal dose, minimal erythemal dose, second degree erythemal dose and third degree erythemal dose |
| Diathermy | Heat by conversion of high frequency electromagnetic energy; used for deep heating |
| Inductive diathermy | Patient is in the electromagnetic field but not part of the circuit |
| Capactive diathermy | Patient is part of the circuit and an electromagnetic field is created between the two coils |
| Pulsed diathermy | Non thermal diathermy used for wound healing |
| LASER | Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation |
| Effects of laser | ATP production, collagen formation, inflammation reduction, reduced bacteria, vasodilation |
Created by:
woblevalenski
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