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Chapter 12
Human Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter 12 | Psychosocial Development in Adolescence |
| according to Erikson, a coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values and beliefs to which a person is solidly committed | identity |
| Erikson's 5th stage of psychosocial development, in which an adolescent seeks to develop a coherent sense of self, including the role he or she is to play in society | identity versus identity confusion or identity versus role confusion |
| a timeout period during adolescence, that allows young people to search for commitments to which they can be faithful and build a stable sense of self | psychosocial moratorium |
| Adolescence that solve the identity versus identity confusion crisis obtain what virtue? | Fidelity |
| Marcia’s term for states of the ego development that depend on the presence or absence of crisis and commitment | identity statuses |
| What are the 4 types of identity status according to Marcia? | Identity achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, identity diffusion |
| Marcia’s term for period of conscious decision-making related to identity formation | crisis |
| Marcia’s term for personal investment in an occupation or system of beliefs | commitment |
| identity status, described by Marcia, characterized by commitment to choices made following a crisis, a period spent in exploring alternatives | identity achievement |
| identity status, described by Marcia, in which a person who has not spent time considering alternatives (has not been in crisis) is committed to other people's plans for his or her life | foreclosure |
| identity status, described by Marcia, in which a person is currently considering alternatives (in crisis) and seems to be headed for commitment | moratorium |
| identity status, described by Marcia, that is characterized by absence of commitment and lack of serious consideration of alternatives | identity diffusion |
| What are the 4 ethnic identity status sees? | Diffuse, foreclosed, moratorium, achieved |
| parental practices that teach children about the racial/ethnic heritage and promote cultural practices and cultural pride | cultural socialization |
| According to Erikson, what are the 3 major issues involved in identity formation? | Choosing occupation, values to live by, development of satisfying sexual identity |
| According to Marcia, what are the 4 types of identity status? | Identity achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, identity diffusion |
| How can gender and ethnicity affect identity formation? | Women-develop identity and intimacy together and connections with others, men-striving for independent achievement; ethnicity-can have connectedness, awareness of racism, embedded achievement |
| How do adolescences form an identity? | Choosing an occupation, it values to live by, developing sexual identity, through identity statuses-having a crisis then having commitment |
| seeing oneself as a sexual being, recognizing one's sexual orientation, coming to terms with sexual stirrings, forming romantic or sexual attachments | sexual identity |
| focus on consistent sexual, romantic and affectionate interest, either heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual | sexual orientation |
| What are the origins of sexual orientation? | Partly genetic but also some environmental |
| Discuss homosexual identity and relationship formation. | Gays can be afraid of discrimination and hide their identity, if they hide they may struggle with their sexual orientation |
| What are some trends in sexual activity among adolescents? | African-American and Latinos are more likely to have sex than whites, influenced by peers and family, can be influenced by religion or morals |
| Identify factors that increase or decrease the risks of sexual activity. | Decrease-use the pill, condoms, contraceptives, getting sex information from parents and school; increase-unprotected sex, getting sex information from peers, teaching abstinence only |
| diseases spread by sexual contact | sexually transmitted diseases |
| What are the most common sexually transmitted diseases? | Chlamydia, gonorrhea, HPV/genital warts, herpes, hepatitis B, syphilis, AIDS, HIV |
| What are some risk factors for developing an STD during adolescence? | Unprotected sex, no condoms, early sexual activity, high risk partners, multiple partners |
| What are some effective prevention methods for getting an STD? | Abstinence, condoms |
| What are some trends of teenage pregnancy and birth rates? | Since 1990, pregnancy and birth rates have slightly decreased |
| What are some risk factors connected with teenage pregnancy? | as children-were physically, emotionally or sexually abused, parental divorce or separation, domestic violence, substance abuse and household, household member who was mentally ill or engaged in criminal behavior |
| What are some problems connected with teenage pregnancy? | Limited financial resources, poor academic performance, high dropout rate, teenage parents are likely to be products of adolescent pregnancy |
| What are some outcomes connected with teenage pregnancy? | Impoverished, poorly educated, do not eat properly, little or no prenatal care, birth complications, infant death, held and academic problems, abuse and neglect, developmental disabilities, low birth weight, suffer financially |
| What are some educational programs that can prevent teenage pregnancy? | Not teaching only abstinence, teaching safe sex, provide universal, comprehensive sex education, provide birth control, sex education, programs that raise young peoples’ self-esteem |
| What determines sexual orientation? | some genetics and some environment |
| What sexual practices are common among adolescents? | Sexual activity, usually use contraceptives |
| What leads some adolescence to engage in risky sexual behavior? | Early entrance into puberty, poverty, poor school performance, lack of academic work or goals, history of sexual abuse or parental neglect, cultural or family patterns, absence of father, peer groups |
| pattern of emotional turmoil, characteristic of a minority of adolescences, which may involve conflict with family, alienation from adult society, reckless behavior and rejection of adult values | adolescent rebellion |
| What is “storm and stress” during the teenage years? | Young people try to adjust to changing bodies and imminent demands of adulthood, produces conflict between generations, not worldwide, only happens to about 1 in 5 teens |
| What are some age and cultural differences in how young people spend their time? | Age-younger adolescents spend more time alone in room, older adolescents spend more time with peers and socializing; cultural-adolescents spend more time with peers in US, more time with families in underdeveloped countries |
| adolescence struggle for autonomy and personal identity | individuation |
| Identify factors that affect conflict with parents and adolescents’ self-disclosure. | Teens don't want to share lots of information but parents feel the right to know every thing |
| Discuss the impact on adolescence of parenting styles, marital status, mothers’ employment and economic stress. | Authoritative parenting gives best adolescent self-image, 2 married parents are best, working gives less time to child but can be supplemented with enriched family time, parental monitoring, lack of money causes stress but can benefit from community |
| What are typical changes in sibling relationships during adolescence and what factors affect us? | Become more distanced, older sibling grows but younger sibling tries to emulate them, conflict with sibling can cause parent conflict |
| What is the function and role of the peer group in adolescence? | Emotional support, pressure of behavior, affection, empathy, understanding, moral guidance, experimentation, achieving autonomic, independence from parents |
| What are important features of adolescent friendships? | Can be dyadic (1-on-1), clique (structured group of friends who do things together) or a crowd (based on reputation or image, divided by social map), girls have intimate and close relationships, loyalty |
| What are the developmental changes in romantic relationships in adolescence? | Start off in group dates and moved to 1-on-1, become more intense and intimate, breakups can lead to depression and suicide, last several months to about one year, not until late adolescence that it reaches full emotional needs |
| How do adolescences relate to their parents? | Relate best to parents that are authoritative, supportive, monitoring but not restrictive, constant struggle between amount of disclosure, best in a 2 parent household where mothered is not constantly at work |
| How do adolescences relate to their siblings? | Grow apart from their siblings, younger sibling imitates older, older sibling can lead younger sibling to better or worse sexual behavior/drug use |
| How do adolescences relate to their peers? | Grow closer to peers, more intimate relationships, start hanging out and click and more one-on-one time with the opposite sex |
| Explain how parental, peer and neighborhood influences may interact to promote antisocial behavior and delinquency. | Neurological defects, difficult temperament, adverse early environment, the way parents punish, peer deviants, criticism, uncooperative behavior, aggressive behavior, older sibling influences younger, environmental factors |
| Identify characteristics of programs have been successful in preventing or stopping delinquency and other risky behavior. | Intervene in the 1st 5 years of life, influence child directly, high-quality education, offer family assistance, create supportive parent networks, less crime ridden neighborhoods |
| What are the root causes of antisocial behavior and juvenile delinquency? | Neurological defects, environment, parenting style, peer influence, criticism, rude, coercion from parent in early childhood |
| What can be done to reduce the risks of antisocial behavior and juvenile delinquency in adolescence? | Intervention programs, high-quality day care and education, family assistance, putting delinquent teens and scouts and sports and church activities not summer camps for disturbed youth |
| What are the components for the central concern during adolescence? | search for identity, has occupational, sexual and values components |
| What is Erikson's conflict for adolescence? What is the virtue that resolves it? | identity versus identity confusion, fidelity |
| According to James Marcia, what are the 4 different types of identity statuses? | identity achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, identity diffusion |
| What have researchers found about identity formation in adolescence between boys and girls? | research differs, some suggest girls' self-esteem falls later in adolescence, later research does not support that |
| What is an important part of identity? | ethnicity |
| What influences sexual orientation? | interaction of biological and environmental factors, partly genetic |
| Why can the development of homosexual identity and relationship development vary? | lack of social acceptance |
| What are risks of teenage sexual activity? | pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases |
| What teens are at the greatest risk of getting pregnant or sexually transmitted diseases? | begin sexual activity early, have multiple partners, do not use contraceptives, ill-informed about sex |
| What is the best safeguard for sexually active teens? | contraceptives and condoms |
| What are the best sexual education programs? Why? | abstinence only are not as effective, most effective is comprehensive sex education programs-delay sexual initiation and encourage contraceptive use |
| Who are STD's most likely to develop undetected in? | girls |
| Describe teenage pregnancy and birth rates in the US in the last 10 years. | were on the decline, rose again in 2006 |
| What negative outcomes can teenage childbearing have? | ill health, financial hardship, ineffective parenting |
| Describe the transition to adulthood for most teenagers, regarding rebellion. | full scale rebellion unusual, transition fairly smooth, relationship with parents can be difficult, rebellion can predict difficult adulthood |
| What happens to the relationship of adolescence with their parents and peers? | spend more time with peers but parents still influential |
| When is parent child conflict greatest? What can help attain a positive outcome? | in adolescence, authoritative parenting |
| What environmental factors can influence an adolescence development? | family structure, maternal employment, economic resources, quality of home environment, how closely parents monitor adolescents' whereabouts. |
| What happens to adolescence relationships with siblings? What about the power struggle? | relationships become more distant, balance of power becomes more equal |
| What happens to peer groups in adolescence? | influence becomes strongest and more elaborate, form friendships, cliques and crowds |
| What happens to friendships (especially female) in adolescence? | become more intimate, stable, supportive |
| What do romantic relationships do in adolescence? | meet a variety of needs, develop with age and experience |
| What does chronic delinquency stem from? | early-onset antisociality |
| What can factors contribute to antisocial behavior? | multiple, interacting risk factors-ineffective parenting, school failure, peer influence, neighborhood influence, low SES |
| What can be done to reduce the risk factors of antisocial behavior in adolescence? | programs that attack risk factors at an early age |
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