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Psy305 week 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four main criteria that are used to differentiate abnormal behaviour from normal behaviour? | Statistical rarity, Deviance or norm violation, Distress, and Dysfunction |
| How does Wakefield's notion of 'harmful dysfunction' help to differentiate the concept of mental disorder from the concepts of medical disorder and social deviance? | The notion of harmful defiance contains two components; an internal dysfunction (e.g., lack of impulse control), and a value dysfunction; that it is harmful in societal norms (e.g., being a nudist in a culture that values physical humility). |
| What are the ways in which the classification of psychological disorders (e.g., depression) differs from the classification of medical disorders (e.g., cancer)? | Medical classification focuses primarily on the objective and factual nature of physical manifestations of symptoms whereas the classification of psychological disorders is elusive in terms of norm-defying behaviour being a significant aspect. |
| What were the main changes in behaviourism that allowed the development of the cognitive-behavioural perspective? | 1970s - the gradual incorporation of cognitive concepts into behavioural theory and practice. The behavioural and cognitive theories and techniques seemed to complement each other, thus giving rise to the cognitive-behavioural perspective. |
| How is the behavioural approach to understanding mental disorders fundamentally different to the psychoanalytic approach? | By emphasising that the causes of behaviour are observable and identifiable in the immediate environment to the behaviour itself rather than in terms of unobservable, unconscious processes. |
| If an individual inherits a biological vulnerability for a mental disorder, does this mean that they are destined to develop a disorder? Explain using the biopsychosocial model of mental disorders. | Diathesis-stress model, abnormality caused by predisposition AND stressers. Sociocultural perspective = abnormal behaviour understood by social environment of individual who might have predisposition to disorder but not destined given right environment. |
| What we the main limitations of the DSM-I and DSM-II? | 1. Lack of clear definition of difference between normal/abnormal levels of symptoms. 2. Constructs involved complex and difficult to measure. Lack of empirical evidence for assumptions regarding causation. Limited reliability of diagnostic categories. |
| How can the reliability of a mental disorder diagnosis be improved? | Diagnostic categories need to be defined clearly enough to enable different clinicians at different locations and times to arrive at the same diagnosis when assessing the same person. |
| In what ways was the DSM-III different from its predecessors? | Diagnostic categories defined at level of observable features only, until underlying causation was identified by further research. Assumption that different mental disorders can be categorized/diagnosed using the same principles as physical disorders. |
| List the main limitations of the categorical system of classification reflected in the DSM-III and beyond. | 1. defining between normal and abnormal indistinct. 2. No agreement on what parameters dimensions should assess/how many are necessary to describe the entire domain of psychopathology. 3. Research time lag of 10-15 years between finding and application. |
| What does ICD stand for? | International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems |
| Diathesis-stress model | Originally developed in the context of schizophrenia, the view that abnormality is caused by the combination of a vulnerability or predisposition (the diathesis) and life events (the stressor). |
| Biopsychosocial approach | View that biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the develpment of abnormality. |
| Conditions of worth | Standards of behaviour imposed on an individual by others that must be met in order to obtain their approval. |
| Cognitive restructuring | cognitive technique which the client learns to identify, challenge and replace their dysfunctional beliefs with more realistic or helpful beliefs. |
| Token economy | Treatment application of operant conditioning in which individuals receive tokens for exhibiting desired behaviours that can then be exchanged for privileges and rewards; these tokens are withheld when the individual exhibits unwanted behaviour. |
| Aversion therapy | treatment that involves the pairing of unpleasant stimuli with deviant or maladaptive sources of pleasure in order to induce an aversive reaction to the formerly pleasurable stimulus |
| Neurosis | according to psychoanalytic theory, set of maladaptive symptoms caused by unconscious conflict and its associated anxiety. |
| Reality principle | Idea that the ego seeks to satisfy one's needs within the constraints of reality rather than following the pleasure principle. |
| Morality principle | motivational force of the superego driving the individual to act strictly in accordance with internalized moral standards. |
| Libido | psychical energy within the id |
| Syndrome | set of symptoms that tend to occur together |
| What does CR stand for? | Conditioned response: Learned response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus following classical conditioning. |
| What does US stand for? | Unconditioned stimulus: naturally elicits a reaction, such as the smell of food eliciting salivation in dogs.Unconditioned stimulus: naturally elicits a reaction, such as the smell of food eliciting salivation in dogs. |
| What does CS stand for? | Conditioned stimulus: previously neutral stimulus that, when an unconditioned stimulus, becomes sufficient to elicit a response. |
| What does UR stand for? | Unconditioned response: naturally follows when a certain stimulus appears, such as salivation in dogs at the smell of food. |
| Double-blind experiment | experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment |
| Psychosis | A state in which a person loses contact with reality in which the individual experiences symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations. |
| Defence mechanisms | strategies (such as repression or reaction formation) the ego uses to disguise or transform unacceptable, unconscious wishes or impulses. |
| What are the main causes for brain abnormalities according to the biological perspective? | 1. A person's genetic makeup and 2. trauma affecting the brain or nervous system |
| What are the limitations/criticisms of the biological perspective? | 1. Much of evidence for biological cause is inconclusive. 2. High rates of relapse after medication ceases 3. Assumes categorical classification rather than dimensional |
| What is the cause of behaviour according to the behavioural perspective? | Classical and operant conditioning, observable and identifiable in the immediate environment. |
Created by:
emt006
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