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Anti-microbial Drugs

Anti-microbial Drugs -Unit Two - HPRS 2300 ACC

QuestionAnswer
First Generation Penicillins Narrow Spectrum: Gram + only - Penicillin G (IM & IV), Penicillin V (IM, IV, PO) Used for: ear, throat infections, gonorrhea and syphillis caused by streptococci and pneumococci
Second Generation Penicillins Broader Spectrum then 1st Gen. Gram + and some Gram -. Amoxicillin (Amoxil) Ampicillin (Omnipen) used for: same as Gen 1 plus urinary, respiratory infections - these drugs are given orally
Third Generation Penicillins Braoder Spectrum then 2nd Gen. Effective agsainst more serious Gram - infections. carbencillin (Geocillin) - PO, ticaracillin (Ticar) - IM, IV. Used for systemic infections
Fourth Generation Penicillins Widest Spectrum - mezlocillin (Mezlin), piperacillin (Pipracil) Used for: resistricted to hospital use only IM and IV
Beta-lactamase Inhibitors Produce a synergist effect - these are combined with penicillins, which inhibits the penicillinase enzyme Ex: clauvonic acid, sulbactum, tazobactum. Most common Drug: Amoxicillin + caluvonic acid = Augmentin
Sub - Group of First Generation Penicillin penicillinase resistant - cloxacillin (Tegopen), dicloxacillin (Dynapen), methicillin (Staphicillin), naficillin (Unipen), oxacillin (Prostaphillin): used for nosocomial and community Stap. aureus infections
1st Generation Cephalosporins Narrow Spectrum: Gram + only. cefadroxil (Duricef), cephalexin (Keflex).- Both PO, used for: ear, throat and UTI's
Second Generation Cephalosporins Braoder Spectrum then 1st Gen. More potent, Gram - mostly, some Gram +. cefaclor (Ceclor) - PO, Cefamandole (Mandole) IM, IV. Used for: bacteria resistant to penicillin
Third Generation Cephalosporins Broader Spectrum then 2nd Gen. more potent with longer duration of action. More lipid soluble. cefixime (Suprax) - PO, ceftriaxone (Rocephine) IM, IV. Used for: Meningitis
Fourth Generation Cephalosporins Same spectrum as 3rd Gen. but resistant to beta-lactamases (penicillinase and cephalosporinase). cefepime - (Maxipime) - IM, IV Should only be used when other Cephalosporins are not effective
Aminoglycosides Spectrum: Gram - only. Streptomycin, Gentamycin (Garamycin), Tobramycin (Tobrex), Neomycin (Neobiotic), Kanamycin (Kantrex). Used for: serious Gram - infections, before and after intestinal surgery, Streptomycin for Tb
Tetracyclines Broad Spectrum _ Gram + and Gram -. Tetracycline (Achromycin) Doxycycline (Vibramycin), Minocycline (Minocin) Pg Catergory D. Not recommended for children <8 yrs. Must be taken on empty stomach. Used for: acne, lower resp, Chlamydia, Rickettsias
Sulfonamides Narrow Spectrum - due to early over use. Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), sulfaisoxazole (Grantrisin), sulfonimide Comb. vaginal prod (Sultrin) silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) Used: mostly for burns, orally for UTI's
Synergist Affect Sulfonamide sulfamethoxazole/Trimethorpin (Septra/Bactrim) - has synergist affect against folic acid synthesis
Macrolides Wider spectrum then penicillins. Erythromycin (EES, Emycin, Erythrocin), clarithromycin (Biaxin), azithromycin (Zithromax), dirithmycin (Dynabac) - used commonly in Peds respiratory & ear infections, acne/boils H. Influenzae, Chlamydia, Plyori ulcers
Fluoroquinolones Broad Spectrum. ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), gaitfloxacin (Tequin), moxifloxacin (Avelox) - Used for pneumonia, UTI's, some STD's
Ketolide telithromycin (Ketek), used for: respiratory infections, actue bacterial sinusitis, Comm. Acquired Pneumonia. Enzyme inhibitor. Once a day dosing. Can cause blurred vision
Folate Biosynthesis Inhibitors Sulfonamides
Nucleic acid Inhibitors Quinolones
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Tetracyclines, Macrolide, Aminoglycosides
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors Penicillins, Cephalosporins
Batericidial Drugs Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolines, Lincomycin, Vancomycin
Bacteriostatic Drugs Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Sulfonamides, Ketolide, Chlorampehicol
Cross Reaction allergies to both Penicillins and Cephalosporins
Serious Sie Effect of Aminoglycosides Ototoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
Common Side Effects of Antibiotics Nausea, Vomitting, Diarrhea
Antibiotics that cause photosensitivity Tetracyclines
Antituberculosis Drugs Isoniazid (INH), Rifampin (Rifadin), Ethambutol (Myambutol) Pyrazinamide
Gray Baby Syndrome caused by using chloramphenicol in infants , causes: abdominal distension, circulatory collapse, respiratory failure
Flagyl metronidazole - treats bacteria and protozoan infections. Alcholo interaction
Macrodantin nitrofurantoin - UTI antispectic
Pyridium phenazopyridine - UTI analgesic
Ways to prevent spread of infections Anti-septic (used on living tissue - rubbing alcohol, Betadine) Disinfectants - chemicals used on non-living objects
Created by: TBess
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