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RAD1212
ch 1-3
| What was the date and who discovered X-ray? | Wilhelm Roentgen, Nov 8 1895 |
| What 5 things must be on a finished radiograph to make it a legal document? | Patient name, Date of Exam , Institution where exam took place, Anatomical markers, Medical Record Number (MRN) |
| What is the most common reason a radiographer gets sued? | Negligence |
| What are the steps of the grieving process in order? | Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, then Acceptance |
| What are the steps of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Which is the most basic need? | (bottom to top) Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self Actualization. (most basic need is Physiological) |
| What is a "Code of Ethics"? What are Ethics based on? | "Code of Ethics is a set of moral principles which guide a professionals activities and decisions. Ethics are based on good and bad behavior |
| What are 4 ways of establishing a cooperative relationship with a patient? | 1. Clear Communication 2. Listening 3. Empathy 4. Explaining the procedure |
| What should a patient expect from a registered Radiographer? | Empathy, Knowledge, Clear Communication, etc. |
| Supine | Lying on back, facing upwards. Dorsal recumbent. |
| Prone | Lying on abdomen, facing downwards |
| Recumbent | Lying down in any position |
| Flexion | Decreases the angle of a joint |
| Extension | Increases the angle of a joint |
| Posterior or Dorsal | refers to the back half of the patient |
| Anterior or Ventral | refers to the front half of the patient |
| Cephalic | towards the head end of the body |
| Caudal Superior | away from the head end of the body in relation to another anatomic landmark. (back top half of body) |
| Inferior | towards the feet (below) |
| Superior | towards the head (above) |
| Proximal | Closer to the source or beginning. Closer to the body (attachment point wise) |
| Distal | away from the source or beginning |
| Mid Sagittal Plane | Divides the body into equal right and left halves |
| Mid Coronal Plane | Divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts |
| Axial (Transverse) Plane | A horizontal plane that passes through the body, dividing it into superior and inferior parts. Divides into top and bottom parts. |
| Trendelenburg | Lying on back with body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet. head down feet up |
| Fowler's | body tilted with head higher than feet |
| Sims Position | pt lying on L anterior side (on stomach), w R knee & thigh flexed and left arm extended down behind the back |
| Decubitus | pt who is lying on one of the following surfaces; Back (Dorsal), Front (Ventral), or side. ALWAYS HORIZONTAL CR |
| Lateral Decubitus | Identified depending on the dependent side (which side is down), and the AP or PA projection indication. |
| Tangential | Touching a curve or surface at only one point. CR "Skims" a body part |
| Axial | any angle of the CR of 10 degrees or MORE along the long axis of the body or body part |
| Medial | Towards the center, or median plane (midline) (spine area) |
| Lateral | Away from the center, or median plane (midline) |
| Anatomic Position | upright position. (standing) with arms abducted slightly down, hands by sides with palms forward, and head and feet (together) and directed straight forward. |
| Adduction | movement of arms & legs towards the body; towards the center/midline |
| Abduction | movement of arms & legs away from the body; away from the center/midline |
| Projection | path or direction of the CR |
| Position | indicates the patient's general physical position |
| Sthenic Body Habitus | Average 50% of population |
| Hyperstenic Body Habitus | thorax is very broad & deep from front to back but is shallow in vertical dimensions. 5% of population. (bigger body habitus) |
| Hyposthenic Body Habitus | Tall/ Slender 35% of population |
| Asthenic Body Habitus | Very thin or slender with a long and narrow body build. Thorax is narrow in width & shallow from front to back but is very long in its vertical dimension. 10% of population |
| Parenchyma | the light, spongey, highly elastic substance that surrounds the lungs |
| Pleura | double-folded membrane surrounding each lung |
| Peritoneum | serous, double-walled membrane that covers most of the abdominal structures and organs |
| Omentum | specific type of double-fold peritoneum that extends from the stomach to another organ |
| Pericardium | double-layered membrane that surrounds the heart |
| Expiration | breathing out (exhaling) causing the diaphragm to move up |
| Inspiration | breathing in (inhaling) causing the diaphragm to move down |
| Universal/ Standard Precautions | used on every patient, treating each pt as if they are infectious even if no diagnosis is known |
| Long Scale Contrast | more shades of grey. High kVp of (110-125) |
| Short Scale Contrast | less shades of grey. Low kVp (70-80) |
| Obliques | LPO, RPO, LAO, RAO. 45 Degree angle of the body to the CR |
| The Esophagus is ______ to the trachea. | Posterior, behind |
| Which way does the diaphragm move during Inspiration? Expiration? | Inspiration= Down Expiration= Up |
| What is the name of the double-walled sac that surrounds the lungs? | Pleura |
| The left lung has how may lobes? What about the right lung. | Left has 2, Right has 3 |
| The IR is oriented ______ during a chest radiograph. | landscape |
| What are the structures of the mediastinum? Where is the mediastinum located? | Thymus Gland, Heart & Great Vessels, Trachea, & Esophagus. It is located in the medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs |
| What happens to radiographic density as patient density increases. Vice versa? | The higher the patient density the lower the radiographic density. The lower the patient density, the higher the radiographic density. |
| What is the medical term for Breast Bone? | Sternum |
| What is the medical term for Voice Box? | Larynx |
| What is the medical term for Collar bone? | Clavicle |
| What is the medical term for Shoulder Blade? | Scapula |
| What is the medical term for Adam's Apple? | Laryngeal Prominence |
| Hilum | Central area of each lung where the bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and leave the lungs |
| Structures of the Bony Thorax | Clavicles, Scapulae, Sternum, Xiphoid Process, 12 PAIRS of ribs (24 in total). and thoracic vertebrae |
| What is the centering point for an AP projection of the chest? | T7, 3-4 inches (8-10 cm ) below jugular notch |
| 3 reasons radiography of the chest is done erect: | 1. Allows the Diaphragm to gravitate down demonstrating more lung field. 2. Shows air/fluid levels in the chest & prevents enlargement of the pulmonary vessels. 3. Allows the patient to take in a deeper breath due to the abdominal structures descending |
| Why is a lordotic done? | To rule out calcification & masses beneath the clavicles. Demonstrate unobstructed view of apices |
| Patient erect, chest against IR | Position: Erect Projection: PA |
| Patient erect, L-side closest to IR, Anterior surface closest to IR. | Position: LAO Projection: PA |
| Patient recumbent, lying on left side, IR against anterior surface, horizontal CR | Position: Left Lateral Decubitus Projection: PA |
| Patient erect, IR on right side | Position: Right Lateral Projection: Lateral |
| Any position between AP/PA and Lateral | oblique |
| A pt lying on their back is in what position? | Supine or Dorsal recumbent |
| Image Receptor (IR) | Device used to capture latent medical images |
| Basic Physiological need | Air, Water, Blood, etc. |
| Superior: | towards the head |
| PA Projection: | CR enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface |
| Right Lateral Position: | Position perpendicular to true AP or PA projection w/ right side against IR |
| Nosocomial Infection: | Infection acquired in a healthcare institution |
| 3 reasons for two views at 90 degree angles | (Superimposition of anatomic structures), (Localization of lesions and foreign bodies), (Determination of alignment of fractures) |
| What are the three cardinal principles of radiation protection? | Time, Distance, Shielding |
| What are the primary controlling factors for the following image quality factors? Density, Contrast, Resolution, & Distortion. | Density: Primary mAs (overall darkness or lightness of image), Secondary kVp (controls contrast). Contrast: kVp (shades of grey). Resolution: SID, OID and motion (how clear image is) and Distortion: motion, angle of tube |
| kVp | The penetrating power/ quality of the x-ray beam. How fast or strong the x-ray is. |
| High (90-120) kVp produces: | Long Scale Contrast or Lower Contrast (more shades of grey) |
| Low (50-80) kVp produces: | Short Scale Contrast or High Contrast (less shades of grey) |
| mAs: | is the quantity in the beam/ Number of photons in the x-ray beam |
| What happens when the OID is increased? | Magnification is increased |
| What happens when the OID is decreased? | Magnification is decreased |
| What happens when the SID is increased? | Reduces magnification |
| What happens when the SID is decreased? | Increases magnification |
| What is the purpose of using a 72 inch SID on CXR? | Minimize magnification of the heart |
| Why are artifacts undesirable on images? What must be done if they are found on a radiograph? | Because they could superimpose anatomy needed to diagnose a pt. If they are found the the artifact needs to be identified and the image retaken |
| What can you do to minimize voluntary motion? | Clear and Concise instructions/ directions |
| What do you do to minimize involuntary motion? | Short exposure time |
| mA X (time in seconds)= | mAs |
| What is the significance of the diaphragm muscle in abdominal radiography? | Shows if the exposure was taken during inspiration or expiration |
| Gallbladder function: | Stores Bile |
| Pancreas function: | Produces a hormone that stimulates bile release |
| Liver function: | Produces bile |
| The bony landmark will localize what anatomy of the abdomen? Xiphoid tip | Anterior portion of diaphragm (T9-T10) |
| The bony landmark will localize what anatomy of the abdomen? Inferior Costal Margins | The Gallbladder |
| The bony landmark will localize what anatomy of the abdomen? iliac Crest | L4-L5 |
| The bony landmark will localize what anatomy of the abdomen? Symphysis Pubis | Bladder |
| The bony landmark will localize what anatomy of the abdomen? ASIS | iliac crest |
| What two views of the abdomen visualize air/fluid levels? | Erect & Left Lateral Decubitus |
| Digestion begins in the | Oral Cavity |
| List the parts of the Urinary System in order from proximal to distal. | Suprarenal GlandsKidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra |
| A radiographic exam can only be performed under | a doctors order |
| The __________ that performs the x-ray exam owns the films. | institution |
| According to the 10 day rule, the best time for a female to undergo a radiographic exam is 10 days | 10 days following the onset of menses (menstruation). 10 days after period |
| The distal part of the small bowel is the | ileum |
| What part of the colon does the ileocecal valve empty into ? | The Cecum |
| Parts of the GI tract in order from proximal to distal. | Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Ileocecal valve, Cecum, Appendix, Ascending Colon, Hepatic Flexure, Transverse Colon, Splenic Flexure, Descending Colon, Sigmoid , Rectum, Anus |
| On an upright (Erect) abdomen, how are the following items evaluated? | Rotation: None Anatomy: Diaphragm to top of iliac crest Exposure Factors: Psoas Muscles, liver margins, Kidneys Centering point: 2 inches above iliac crest |
| On a Supine Abdomen/KUB, how are the following items evaluated? | Rotation: Iliac wings Anatomy: KUB; Symphysis Pubis Exposure Factor: Psoas muscles, liver margins, kidneys Centering point: Iliac crest, Mid-sagittal plane |
| On a Left Lateral Decubitus abdomen, how are the following evaluated? | Rotation: iliac wings Anatomy: upper skin margins, Diaphragm to pubic symphysis Exposure Factor: Centering Point: 2 inches above the iliac crest |
Created by:
Ash_Nic
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