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Psych 202 exam 3
chap. 12-14
| word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Primary Visual Pathway | |
| Primary visual pathway | retina> Optic nerve > Optic chiasm > Optic tract > dLGN > a region of the occipital cortex -Each eye receives sti. from both halves of the visual field, inverted on the retina |
| Receptor cells | -Cells in the left half of each retina respond to sti. in the right visual field, and vice versa |
| Retinal Ganglion | cell axons combine in the optic nerve to carry this input to the brain |
| Optic Chiasm | Axons from the middle/medial halves of the retina cross to contralateral hemisphere -Axons from the lateral/close to the ears halves con. to the insilateral/ same side |
| Lateral geniculate nucleus | (dLGN) the part of the thalamus that receives info from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas in the occipital cortex -Axons carrying info from the L visual field proceed to the right LGN -Neurons in the LGN project to the primary visual cortex |
| Retino-hypothalamic pathway/suprachiasmatic nucleus | -Axons from the retina carry visual sensations to the hypothalamus -Synchronizes circadian rhythms, needs info about light hitting the retina, day or night |
| Retino-tectal pathway | Superior colliculus (OPtic tectum) in the mid brain -Coordinates eye movements/muscles of the iris and lens,keeps eyes focused after sudden movement, like hitting in the head |
| Striate Cortex (Primary visual striate cortex) | The first stop for incoming visual info -Contains a map of the contralateral visual field (left visual field to right striate cortex) contains fovea |
| Fovea | Color/light focuses on the one object and figures out what your looking at |
| Striate cortex (visual processing) V1 | - Each retinal ganglion cell responds to its own receptive field -LGN neurons receive info from multiple retinal ganglion cells -Striate neurons receive info from multiple LGN neurons -Integration=visual perception of orientation, movement, depth, color |
| Receptive field | Portion of the visual field that specific ganglion cell responds to = pixle -Retinal cells respond to portion of visual field |
| Orientation-sensitive neurons | Only respond to objects in a particular spatial placement -Simple cells or complex cells |
| Simple cells | Orientation-sensitive neurons -Detect orientation/location, respond to a edge or a bar that has a particular width |
| Complex cells | Orientation-sensitive neurons -Detect orientation/movement, responds best to a bar of a particular size/orientation anywhere w/in a particular area of the visual field |
| Binocular vision | Both eyes pick up slightly diff info then the other one -Provides the most acute depth-perception -Many neurons in the visual cortex respond to visual sti. from both eyes -responds to retinal disparity |
| Stereopsis (Binocular vision) | The process by which both eyes coordinate to perceive depth |
| Retinal Disparity (Binocular vision) | Slightly diff. images falls on each retina -b/c of the nose in the middle, each eye/retina sees diff. pts of the image -Responded to strongly by binocular cells, indicates distance between the object/observer, allows perception of depth |
| Cytochrome Oxidase blobs | Specialized cells grouped together in the striate cortex that receive info from color-sensitive ganglion cells -Contain wavelength-sensitive neurons, respond to color not light -central to color processing in some species, no color= problem in cones |
| V1 Modules/columns (striate cortex is organized into modules) | Each contains the NE that analyze info from a 1 pt of visual field -input from both eyes, NE in each 1 share same ocular dominance, highly connected/mostly binocular -centered around CO blob surrounded by NE sensitive to orientation/movement/depth |
| Ocular dominance | one eye sees better then the other (lateralization) -Amount of input from each eye |
| Striate cortex V1 | Organizes visual info, no perception |
| Extrastriate cortex V2 | Visual association cortex, combines info from individual modules in V1 = perception -2 streams of visual info project from V1 to V2 (dorsal/ventral stream) |
| Dorsal stream | one of the streams project from V1 to V2, recognizes where in object is located |
| Ventral stream | One of the streams projects from V1 to V2, recognizes what the object is |
| Perception in the dorsal stream | -Movement: perception mediated by neurons in area V5 (medial temporal area) motion/direction of motion -where an object is relative to me, above to the side -Also location |
| Form perception | (shape) Perception in the ventral stream, mediated by neurons in areas V2, V4 and the inferior temporal lobe -Info sent from V2>V4>inferior temporal lobe |
| Color perception | Perception in the ventral stream, mediated by extrastriate neurons in area V4=color |
| Damage to V4 | Color blindness only in black/white or shads of gray, wipes out color memory, you can't think about color at all no longer know what it looks like |
| Visual agnosia | Damage to the visual association cortex -Inability to perceive or id sti., despite normal visual sensation |
| Achromatopsia | Damage to V4/medial occipital lobe = loss of color vision -Black/white, color memory is lost you have no idea what color is |
| Akinetopsia | Damage to V5, inability to perceive movement |
| Apperceptive visual agnosia | Damage to visual ass. cortex & how it connects to lanauage area of the brain, varity of diff. locations damaged -inability to perceive/id common objects by sight, can still read/id the objects by another modality |
| Prosopagnosia | Inability to id a familiar face, faces lose their meaning -Specialized face-recognition circuits are found in the fusiform face area of the visual ass. cortex -can recog. by voices not faces |
| Sex determination | Egg+sperm carrying either X or Y chromosome (key event) -X chromosome = female, Y chromosome = male -Mother always gives X |
| SRY gene | Gene in the Y chromosome = development of testes -Indiff. gonads make the SRY protein = testis development |
| Dimorphism | Structures and behaviors that differ between males and females -Caused by exposure to sex hormones |
| Gonads | Primary sex organ that produces hormones/gametes -testicles and ovaries -Produce sex-specific hormones that direct sexual development |
| Internal sex organs | connects gonads to the outside/tubing |
| External sex organs | external genitalia |
| Development of gonads | -Undifferentiated through the 6th week of prenatal development -SRY gene on the Y chrom = testis -No SRY (no y/bad Y) default towards female/ovaries |
| Hormones in sexual development | -Estronge = ovaries, Androgen/testosterone = testis |
| Organizational effects | Prenatal development, physical on developing body/brain (determines behaviors based on sex) |
| Activational effects | Puberty, huge surge of hormones, turn on or turn up the activities of the structures made during organizational |
| Mullerian ducts | precursor for female system |
| Wolffian ducts | precursors for the male system, stimulated by testicular hormones( androgens, Antimullerian hormone) -epididymis connect testes to the outside along the vas deferens to the seminal vesicles (where semen is made) |
| Androgens | Male hormone Testosterone = masculinizing |
| Antimullerian Hormone | Male hormone -Defeminizing, gets rid of mullerian ducts |
| Sensitive period | If no hormones are secreted= mullerian ducts will develop = female internal reproductive organs -Fimbria, fingers that are near/surround the ovary, picks up ovium - Fallopian tube connects fimbria to uterus, upper 2/3 consider inside the body |
| Presence of Androgen | results in the development of male external genitalia -Penis/scrotum |
| Absence of Androgen | results in the development of female external genitalia -Labia, clitoris and lower 1/3 of the vagina |
| Androgen insensitivity | Lack of/don't function androgen receptors in XY person -Androgens/Antimullerian hormones are present -AMH makes mullerian ducts go away (neither female/male organs will develop), external =female -PPl very girly Prevents defeminization/masulinizing |
| Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome | Failure to produce anti-mullerian hormone in XY person, Androgen still persent -Male outside/inside normal, Mullerian ducts just never went away -Discovered when they become cancerous (develop during puberty) |
| Turner Syndrome | Only one X chromosome is present at conception -Sperm left 23 chromosome behind, XO female -Develop like females but no puberty, gonad lines -fake puberty for emotional/social |
| Castration + effects | removal of the gonads, usually testes -Testosterone mediates the male interest in sex = stop ejaculating w/in a few weeks & will stop mounting female -Hormones effect on NS take longer to stop, treat w/testosterone = activational effect |
| Cloacal exstrophy | Genetic boys are born w/testes but w/o penises, neonatal sex reassignment has been rec. = raising these children as girls -Prenatal exposure to androgens |
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | Female exposed to androgens before birth, adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient corticosteroids = androgens -Intersex appearance, phallus (clit/penis) and skin folds(labia/scrotum), no testes, normal ovaries -High then ave homo or bi sex, male brain |
| Guevedoces | Dominican republic Individuals -Genetic mutation that effects enzyme (5a-reductase) that converts testosterone into DHT, unable to amplify androgenic signal=phallus like large clit -Internal organs=male, phallus grow to penis during puberty act like men |
| Aromatization Hypothesis | Testicular androgens enter the brain & are converted there into estrogens to maculinize the developing system of some rodents -aromatization: chemical reaction = testosterone to estradiol |
| Sex maturation | Puberty begins when the hypothalamus begins to secrete GnRH -GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropic hormones |
| Gonadotropic hormones | Stimulate the gonads to release sex hormones -Ovaries (estradiol, progesterone, little bit of androgen) -Testes (androgen, little estradiol) |
| Estradiol | Sti. secondary female char. causes internal female organs to mature & get to make babies |
| Androgens released by adrenal glands (androtenedione) | The chief sex hormone secreted by human adrenal cortex, responsible for adult pattern of body hair in men/women |
| Androgens | Secondary sex char and behaviors develop in men |
| Behavioral Masculinization/Defeminization | Androgen exposure during neural developments is req. for defeminization/masulinization of behavioral patterns in males -No androgens = Neural circuitry controlling female sexual behavior |
| Sexual Orientation | Appears to be genetically influenced 52% rate of homosexuality in identical male twins, 48% female -Maybe exerted through prenatal hormone exposure |
| Pheromones | Chemicals that carry messages between animals, some affect reproductive behavior (released in sweat, urine, genital secretions -Sensed by vomeronasal organ/olfactory epithelium, which project to the olfactory bulb |
| Pheromone effects | Pheromones affect reproductive physiology in several ways |
| Lee-Boot effect | attenuated estrous cycles |
| Whitten effect | the odor of a male will begin the estrous cycle |
| Vandenbergh effect | accelerated onset of puberty |
| Bruce effect | Spontaneous abortion |
| Human pheromone effects | Synchronized menstrual cycles -Shorter cycles when exposed to men -Androstadienone, Estratetraene |
| Androstadienone | Androgenic chemical increases pos. mood in females, decreases mood in males |
| Estratetraene | Estrogenic chemical activates sexual response-related regions in the male brain |
| Male sexual behavior (hormones) | Male sexual behavior depends on the presence of testosterone -Rats/other animals, testosterone = male rat will mount a receptive female repeatedly |
| Intromission | entry of the penis into the vagina |
| Pelvic thrusting | Rhythmic movement to produce genital friction |
| Ejaculation | release of semen |
| Refractory period | The period following copulation during which an individual can't have sex, |
| Coolidge effect | whereby males show con. high sexual performance given the intro of new receptive partners, old female will have to wait |
| Human males sexual behavior hormones | Human male sexual behavior relies on testosterone -Normal = ability to get an erection, none = no erection -Testosterone production is increased by sexual activity/thoughts |
| Primates male sexual behavior hormones | Castration results in diff. rates of decline in sexual behavior High social status: slower rate of sexual decline b/c of higher levels of testosterone then lower level status monkeys |
| Female rats sexual behavior | Lower mammals behavior depends on the presence of estradiol/progesterone -Secretion of these hormones results in -Receptivity: willing/able to copulate (lordosis reflex presence of a male rat -Proceptivity: eagerness to copulate=ear wiggling/hopping |
| Female rats sexual behavior part2 | Attractiveness: changes that affect the male rat Must be receptive/lordosis reflex in the presence of males (arching of the back, moving of legs, moving of tail) |
| Primate/human females sexual behavior | ability to copulate doesn't depend on ovarian hormones -Ovarian hormones do influence on sexual interest -Doesn't matter where we are in the cycle, always receptive |
| Neural control of sexual behavior Males | Medial Amygdala>Medial preoptic area> PAG or PGI > Spinal motor neurons |
| Medial Amygdala Male | Sexually dimorphic 85% larger in males -Lesions disrupt sexual behavior: chemosensory, hormonal, somatosensory input from genitals Projects to MPA |
| MPA Male | Contains sexually dimorphic nucleus larger in males Lesions of this area abolish sexual behavior -Projects to the PAG/PGi |
| PAG male | Region of the midbrain stimulates the spinal cord sexual reflexes -Species specfic Projects to Spinal motor neurons |
| PGi male | Located in the medulla inhibits spinal cord sexual reflexes ( no erection) -Suppressed by MPA |
| Spinal motor neurons Male | Innervate the pelvic organs and muscles involved in copulation -what the male will do during sex |
| Female neural control of sexual behavior | mAmyg> VMH(>PAG>mRF>spinal cord)+MPA(>PAG(>mRF> spinal cord) or PGI. spinal motor neurons |
| mAmyg Female | Sexually dimorphic, lesions disrupt sexual behavior Receives input from chemo, hormonal, sensorysomatic -Projects to VMH & MPA |
| VMH females | Nucleus of the hypothalamus lesions abolish lordosis, needed for sex drive if gone dies out -activated by mAmyg input + estradiol/progesterone Projects to PAG |
| MPA female | Projects to PGI(suppressing inhibition to spinal neurons) and to PAG(projects directly to spinal motor neurons involved in clitoral arousal) a |
| PAG female | Projects to the Medullary reticular formation that sends excitatory input to the spinal cord innervating muscles involved in copulation |
| Major histocompatibility complex | A large/highly polymorphic family of genes that id an individuals tissues, unique body of odors that signal the individuals genotype -Women prefer men w/ diff MHC |
| Homeostasis | Process by which critical physiological parameters (heat,water,nutrients) are maintained at optimal levels by regulatory mechanisms -Consisting of a system variable, set point, detector, correctional mechanism, negative feedback or satiety signals |
| System variable | example. room temp. |
| Set point | the best value for a variable |
| Detector | monitors system variable |
| Correctional mechanism | restores system variable back to the right set point, turns off when detector see the right set point |
| Negative feedback | Talks to the detector and turns off the correctional mechanism, takes to long we relay more on satiety signals -the property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals |
| Ingestive behaviors | Eating/drinking are correctional mechanisms -terminated by satiety signals |
| Satiety signals | Terminate ingestive behaviors -Don't directly monitor the system variable, work faster then neg. feedback -Feeling of fulfillment/satisfaction |
| Intracellular compartment | Fluid inside of cells, cytoplasma |
| Extracellular fluid compartments | Intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid |
| Intravascular fluid | Extracellular fluid, what your cells follow around in -must be kept w/in precise homeostatic limits -Makes up blood volume, critical for cardiac function |
| Interstitial fluid | extracellular fluid surrounds all our cells, must be kept at precise homeostatic limits |
| Hypovolemia | low blood volume |
| Cerebrispinal fluid | Extracellular fluid, surrounds the CNS |
| Intracellular fluid balance | intracellular fluid concentration is controlled by the concentration of solutes in the surrounding interstitial fluid |
| Isotonic | Intracellular/interstitial fluid are in balance |
| Hypertonic | Too much salt outside, too little fluid inside the cell |
| Hypotonic | Too little salt outside, to much fluid inside the cell |
| Osmosis | The passive movement of molecules from one place to another. The movement force behind osmosis is the constant vibration and movement |
| Osmometric thirst | Loss of water from intracellular compartment -A salty meal raises sodium in the blood plasma -H2O out of interstitial fluid>Interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic>draws H2O out of the cells>cells loses vol = osmometric thirst |
| Osomometric thirst receptors | Osmoreceptors monitor cellular volume -Located in the anterior hypothalamus and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis -Firing signals osmotic thirst |
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