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Pharm Ch.1-9
Module 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Methylphenidate | Generic name for Ritalin |
| Thrombocytopenia | Decreased platelets |
| neutropenia | Decreased white blood cells |
| Myelosuppression | decreased bone marrow function |
| Dopaminergic | levodopa is in this pharmacologic class |
| Late EPS | dyskinesia abnormal involuntary movements |
| Parkinson's disease | progressive loss of motor skills |
| Akathisia | restlessness, agitation caused by medication |
| Alzheimer's disease | progressive loss of memory and cognitive skills |
| Phenobarbital | oldest and most commonly used antiseizure medication |
| Blood-brain barrier | synthetic dopamine cannot cross this |
| NOREPINEPHRINE | neurotransmitter that gives you energy |
| Traditional antiepileptics | pharmacological class for phenytoin |
| Immunomodulators | interferon beta pharmacological class |
| NMDA Antagonists | Namenda pharmacological class |
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | protein that destroys acetylcholine |
| Amyloid Plaques | Alzheimer’s is caused by these plaques in the brain |
| Aricept | brand/ trade name of donepezil |
| Skeletal muscle relaxants | baclofen pharmacological class |
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor | donepezil is in this pharmacological class |
| Cholinergic crisis | overstimulation at the neuromuscular junction due to excess of acetylcholine |
| pharmacological | this classification is based on the mechanism of action |
| metabolism | conversion of a medication a form that is more readily excreted from the body |
| pharmacotherapeutics | studying the use of drugs to treat disease |
| generic | non-proprietary name |
| pharmacology | the study of the chemical, biological and physiological effects of drugs |
| drug | any chemical that alters body composition |
| adverse effects | unintended and detrimental effects |
| chemical | the name of the chemical structure of the drug |
| therapeutic index | measures the margin of safety |
| tolerance | decreased responsiveness over the course of therapy |
| tachyphylaxis | rapid decrease in response to a drug |
| parenteral | medicine or liquid that is injected under the skin |
| agonist | mimics the response of the endogenous substance |
| pharmacodynamics | study of the way drugs affect the body |
| antagonist | prevents the endogenous substance from binding |
| hormones | why medications act differently in different genders |
| peak | when the medication is at its strongest concentration |
| controlled substances | medications determined by the FDA and DEA to be at risk for abuse |
| action | how a drug works in the body |
| buccal | inside the cheek |
| pain management | the fifth vital sign |
| toxicity | when a drug level exceeds the therapeutic range |
| excretion | elimination of medication from the system |
| therapeutic | this classification is based on the therapy that the drug provides |
| effectiveness | was it successful in producing the desired result |
| pharmacokinetics | how drugs move through the body |
| onset | when medication starts working |
| duration | the length of time that medication stays in the body |
| first pass | metabolism where drug concentration is reduced before it reaches systemic circulation |
| Idiosyncrasy | An abnormal sensitivity to a drug. It usually refers to an individual patient’s unique response to medication |
| Synergism | The joint action of agents in which their combined effect is more intense than their individual effects |
| Toxic effect | An adverse drug effect that can be harmful or life-threatening |
| Dependence | A state of reliance on a drug, either psychological or physiological, that may result in withdrawal symptoms if drug use is discontinued |
| Antagonism | The combined effect of two drugs that is less that the effect of either drug taken alone |
| Metabolism | The process by which drugs are broken down into useful by-products by enzymes in the liver. It is also known as biotransformation. |
| Absorption | The process by which a drug is taken into circulation |
| Contraindications | Situations or conditions under which a certain drug should not be administered |
| Cumulation | The compound effect of an agent taken over time in individual small amounts |
| Side effect | An adverse effect of a drug on another organ system that is not related to the main target of the drug |
| Allergic reaction | An acquired, abnormal immune response to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction. It may develop within 30 minutes of administration of therapy |
| Excretion | The kidney is responsible for filtering out drugs from the blood. Drugs are also excreted through the lungs, sweat glands, and intestines. |
| Mechanism of action | The way in which a drug produced its effects |
| Anaphylaxis | A severe allergic response to medication, including respiratory distress |
| Distribution | The process by which the circulatory system transports drugs to the affected body parts |
| Prophylaxis | A procedure or medication used to prevent a disease rather than to treat an existing disease |
| Half life | The amount of time required to 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body |
| Efficacy | A drug’s therapeutic value |
| Potency | A measure of the strength or concentration of a drug required to produce the desired effect |
| Effective dose 50 | The dose that will produce an effect in 50% of the subjects tested |
| Indication | Purpose or reason for using a drug |
| Analgesic | Drug that relieves mild to severe pain |
| Generic name | A drug’s official name |
| Pharmacokinetics | The study of what the body does to drugs |
| Trade name | Brand or proprietary name |
| Pharmacology | The study of drugs |
| Drug Enforcement Agency | A federal agency whose mission is to enforce the controlled substance laws and regulations of the United States |
| Toxicology | The study of poisons or poisonous effects of drugs |
| Anticholinergic | A drug that blocks parasympathetic nerve impulses |
| Pharmacodynamics | The study of what drugs do to the body |
| Hypnotic | A drug that induces sleep or relaxation |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | The study of how drugs are used to treat disease |
| Excretion | The manner in which the drug is eliminated from the body |
| Food and Drug Administration | A federal agency whose responsibility is to protect the public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human drugs |
| Distribution | The process of transporting a drug from its administration site to its site of action |
| Subscription | Part of the prescription which are instructions to the pharmacist dispensing the medication |
| Signa | Part of the prescription which are patient instructions |
| Therapeutic index | measure of a drug's safety |
| Low therapeutic index | high doses needed to produce therapeutic effects in some people may be large enough to cause death |
| Plasma protein | Transports drugs through the bloodstream |
| Therapeutic range | the range of drug level between the minimum effective concentration (MEC) and the toxic concentration |
| Therapeutic index | Measures the margin of safety of a drug |
| Peak level | Full therapeutic effects are achieved |
| Toxicity | Excessive dosage leading to negative physiological effects. (Effects can be irreversible and life threatening) |
| Paradoxical effect | not the intended effect |
| Potentiative effect | occurs when one drug intensifies the effects of another |
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MM28
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