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Abdomen
RAD1212 Ch 3
| AP Abdomen (KUB) | Abdominal Anatomy for a (KUB) includes: Kidneys, Ureters & Bladder |
| Full Abdominal Anatomy includes: | Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Liver, Large intestine, Small intestine, and Stomach |
| Abdominal Muscles: Soft Tissue Landmarks include: | Diaphragm, Right Psoas Major & Psoas Major |
| Digestive Tract | Begins in the Oral Cavity- Pharynx- Esophagus. And includes Accessory organs |
| The accessory organs of the Digestive Tract include: | Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas & Spleen |
| The Stomach can be divided into three sections which include: | Fundus, Body & Pylorus |
| Duodenum | Surrounds the head of the Pancreas (it is the shortest and widest)part of the small intestine |
| Jejunum | Second part of the small intestine. "Feathery" appearance, makes up 2/5 of small intestine |
| ileum | Empties into the Cecum through the ileocecal valve, makes up 3/5 of small intestine |
| Stomach and Small intestine Anatomy includes: | Stomach, Duodenal bulb & Region of ileocecal valve |
| The small intestine is connected to the large intestine through the | ileocecal valve |
| Large intestine include: | ileocecal Valve, Cecum, Appendix, Ascending Colon, Right Colic (Hepatic) Flexure, Transverse Colon, Left Colic (Splenic) Flexure, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum & Anus |
| Urinary System includes: | Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder & Urethra |
| Retrograde means | Moving backwards |
| The Spleen is part of the | Endocrine (internal) and Exocrine (External) Secretion system |
| The Livers function is it | Produces bile |
| The Gallbladders function is it | stores bile produced by the liver |
| The Pancreas function is it | Produces hormones (insulin for blood sugar control) and stimulates digestion |
| Retroperitoneal means | behind |
| Visceral Peritoneal means | part closest to the organs |
| Infraperitoneal includes : | rectum& bladder + (uterus for females) |
| Anterior Anatomic Relationships | Omentum: Lesser Omentum, Greater Omentum, Peritoneal Cavity, Parietal Peritoneum, Visceral Peritoneum |
| Posterior Anatomic Relationships | Stomach, Mesentery & Small Bowel |
| Mesentery: | Loosely connects the Small Intestine to the Posterior abdominal wall |
| Omentum: | Double fold of Peritoneum |
| Lesser Omentum: | Suspends the stomach |
| Greater Omentum: | Suspends the transverse Colona and Small Bowel |
| Retro-peritoneal Structures: | Right Adrenal Gland, Right Kidney, Pancreas, Duodenum, Ascending Colon, Inferior Vena Cava, Aorta, Descending Colon & Ureter |
| Intra-peritoneal Structures: | Liver, Gallbladder, Spleen, Stomach, Jejunum, ileum, Cecum, Transverse & Sigmoid Colon |
| Infra-peritoneal Structures: | Bladder, (male reproductive organs)& lower rectum |
| Abdominal Quadrants include: | Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) |
| The Xiphoid tip is : | the lowest point of the sternum; at the level of T9-T10 |
| The Inferior Costal Margin is: | Lowest portion of the rib cage connected by the Xiphoid tip; at the level of L2-L3 |
| The iliac crest is: | the most superior part of the hip bones; at the level of L4-L5 |
| ASIS stands for: | Anterior Superior iliac spine- "hipbones" |
| Ischial Tuberosity is: | the most Inferior part of the coccyx but not the tailbone |
| Topographic Landmarks of Pelvis include: | ASIS, Greater Trochanter, Symphysis Pubis, Ischial Tuberosity |
| Voluntary motion includes: | Breathing and patient moving. |
| Voluntary motion can be controlled by: | Controlled by breath hold and patient instruction |
| Involuntary motion includes: | Peristalsis, Heartbeat & Shivering |
| Involuntary motion can be controlled by: | Controlled by using shortest exposure time possible |
| Abdomen Technique | Medium kVp (70-80) Produces medium Scale, Low contrast images |
| Medium kVp produces | medium scale, low contrast images |
| Exposure Factors include: | Adequate mAs, Short exposure time, Typically Supine Position & 40 inch SID |
| Breathing instructions for an Abdominal X-ray include: | Clear, Concise instructions, Exposure on EXPIRATION |
| Patient Preparation before Abdominal X-ray includes: | All clothing removed, Opaque objects removed, Hospital gown worn, Pillow for head & Clean linen on table, Cover Patient for warmth and modesty. |
| Radiographic Protection includes: | Limited repeat exposure, Collimation, & shielding ONLY when it won't interfere with images |
| Gonadal Shielding | Most of the time shielding will interfere with abdomen x-rays, so it is not often used. Only when possible and as per radiologist's direction |
| Clinical Indications for an Abdominal X-ray include: | Intussusception, Volvulus, Ascites, Dynamic Ileus, Constipation & Suspected perforation |
| Intussusception: | telescoping of a segment of the intestine where one part of the intestine slides inside another part. |
| Volvulus: | Twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction |
| Ascites: | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| Dynamic ileus: | Intestinal obstruction caused by intestinal muscle contraction (intestines won't relax, they stay contracted) |
| Anatomy Criteria for Abdomen includes: | Symphysis Pubis, Kidneys & Lower Liver margin |
| Rotation Criteria for Abdomen includes: | No rotation. Iliac wings symmetrical, Lateral margins of Abdomen equidistant from spine |
| Exposure Factors (Optimal) Criteria: | Psoas muscles, Kidneys, Lower margins of Liver, Transverse Processes of Lumbar Vertebra. |
| (No) Motion & Artifacts Criteria: | Clearly defined margins of Structures and gas bubbles. No Artifacts |
| Evaluation Criteria (PA Abdomen) | Same as AP Abdomen |
| Evaluation Criteria includes: | Diaphragm demonstrated, Both sides of Body included, NO rotation or motion, Exposure factors: Adequate mAs |
| Clinical indications for Acute Abdomen Series include: | ileus, Ascites, Perforated hollow viscus, Intra-abdominal mass, & Post-op (abdominal surgery) |
| Acute Abdominal Series 2-way : | AP Supine or AP Erect/ Left Lateral Decubitus. (Must include diaphragm) |
| Acute Abdominal Series 3-way: | AP Supine, AP Erect, PA Chest |
| Routine Radiographic positioning of Abdomen is: | KUB- Kidneys, Ureters & Bladder |
| Special Radiographic positioning of Abdomen include: | Acute Abdominal Series: AP Supine Abdomen, AP Erect Abdomen, PA Erect Chest. Decubitus Positions include: Lateral Decubitus |
| AP Abdomen (Supine) | CR centered to iliac crest & CR at midsagittal plane (Lying on back and CR at mid-Lower Stomach) |
| PA Abdomen (Special PA): | CR centered at iliac crest & Cr at midsagittal plane (Lying on stomach CR at lower back) |
Created by:
Ash_Nic
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