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ENG 501 3
Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Habituality (p.81,86) | Part of both tense and aspect, habituality can point to any specific time an action occurs. It is something that is in the habit of doing something. E.g., I exercise in the morning. |
| Continuous (p.85) | The continuousness of the aspect is completely independent from its tense. An action that is ongoing or was ongoing. Continuous progressive. The progressive and the perfect are independent of one another. |
| Time of Speaking (p.75,76) | The "now", used as a benchmark to define tense. Time of speaking is relational to the time of reference(s), where present tense is defined as Ts = Tr, past is Ts>Tr, and future is Ts<Tr. |
| Complement (p.71,72) | Complements are required by the semantics and syntax of the sentence. A complement is anything that follows the verb. Valencies are also defined as how many complements the verb requires (70). The subject is a complement of the verb. |
| External (p.73) | A type of complement. External complements are outside of the VP (i.e., the subject). Depending on their function, complements may be subjects or direct objects. (Slides 14/15 Week 2) |
| Internal (p.73) | Internal complements are within the VP. The board (external, core) made (Verb) Mary CEO (internal, core) on Friday (non core, internal) |
| Tense (p.75) | Tense is distinguished morphologically and with time (semantic notion). TIme of speaking and time of reference dictate whether tense is past, present, past perfect, or future perfect. |
| Mood (p.78) | We distinguish between modality/mood. Modality is attitude of the speaker toward what is being said, how "real" the speaker considers the event, whether the event is done freely. In English, mood is expressed through modal verbs and the subjunctive mood. |
| Aspect (p.83,312) | Aspect might be how the event or state is envisioned aside from its development through time. Two main types: progressive and perfect. Aspect is determined by the interplay of features. |
| Progressive (p.84) | One of the two main types of aspect, easy to identify by the -ing morpheme. Ongoing action. |
| Perfect (p.84) | Indicates the completion of the action. An action is either complete (perfect) or incomplete (imperfect). The past perfect is a true perfect. |
| Subjunctive (p.78,82) | Linked to the mood, subjunctive has virtually disappeared. It occurs only in the most formal contexts and in frozen expressions. There are two forms, a present and past. Indicates the action is not real, hypothetical, or wished. |
| Gerund (p.87) | Gerund is the present participle in a nominal clause. E.g., Smoking is bad for you. Note: present participle in a non-nominal clause is not a gerund (e.g., Singing birds woke me up). Must be a subject. Nonfinite (untensed) |
| Participle (p.87) | A verbal form that functions as an adjective. Two types: present(-ing) and past (-ed). Both are nonfinite (untensed). Verbs have different past participles. Note: Do not refer to the past or present necessarily. "I shall be released" past part. future |
| Infinitive (p.87) | Infinitive is identified as such because it is preceded by "to". It can also be found in its bare form, i.e., without the "to", this often happens in modal verbs. Without tense or anything else. The full infinitive is used as a noun phrase. |
| Open class (p.45,312,317) | An open class part of speech is one to which speakers can freely add. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are typically open class. |
| Closed class (p.45,312) | A part of speech to which adding is impossible or very difficult: pronouns, articles, auxiliaries, modals, conjunctions, prepositions, and particles. Not productive, i.e., new entries are generally not created. |
| Core (p.73) | If the information in the complement is required by the semantics of the verb, it is considered core. The subject is external core and the DO is internal core. |
| Non-core (p.73) | Anything not the subject or direct object. In other words the verb and the PP. |
| Modal verb (p.78) | Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs (helpers). They are listed in table 3.10 (79). There are central and marginal modals, as well as modal idioms. |
| Central Modals (p.78) | Followed by the bare infinitive (e.g., I may go). They occur as the first verb of the VP, finite position. They are not inflected in the 3rd person singular (i.e., -s is not added). |
| Marginal Modals (p.78,79) | Marginal modals are followed by the full form of the infinitive. E.g., need (to), used to, dare (to). |
| Modal Idioms (p.78,79) | Also called semi-modals, quasi-modals, and periphrastic modals), they are modals marked for person an tense, e.g. I am going to go. have got to, be supposed to, had better, would sooner, etc. |
| Epistemic (p.79) | A.k.a. extrinsic, referring to the theoretical, knowledge based issues. Related to modal verbs, all modal verbs have an epistemic or deontic interpretation. E.g. may It may rain tomorrow. (possibility) |
| Deontic (p.79) | A.k.a., Intrinsic, referring to empirical, real world issues. Related to modal verbs, all modal verbs have an espistemic or deontic interpretation. E.g., May You may leave now. (permission) |
| Future (p.77) | There is no morphologically marked future tense. Future occurs when the time of speaking (Ts) comes before time of reference (Tr), or Ts<Tr. |
| Past (p.76) | Past is one of the morphologically marked tenses of English. Past occurs when the time of speaking (Ts) is greater than the time of reference (Tr), or Ts>Tr. |
| Time of Reference (p.76) | Tense is a deictic category defined in relation to speaking. Tense distinguishes Time of Speaking from time at which whatever we are talking about took place (or will take place, or is taking place), i.e. Time of Reference. |
| Tensed (p.34) | The fact that a verb is either present or past means it is tensed or finite. |
| Untensed (p.34,86) | Untensed forms of the verb include present(-ing) and past(-ed) participle, the infinitive, and the gerund. The two main types are the infinitive and the partificple. A.k.a., non-finite |
| Syntax | The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language |
| Semantics | The branch of linguistics concerned with meaning |
Created by:
J.Smith.777
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