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ENG 501 2
Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tense (p.48,49) | two tenses indicated morphologically: the present and the past. No morphological marker for the future. In English we must indicate whether the action took place before speaking(past) or not(present, future, habitual, timeless). Not all verbs have tense |
| number (p.48,49,317) | Number distinguishes between singular (one item) and plural (two or more). Number appears in nouns and verbs. Verbs must agree in number with their subjects. Agreement in number is called concord or subject verb agreement. |
| person (p.48,49,318) | Person (deictic category) refers to who we are referring to in the speaking situation: the speaker (1st person), the hearer (2nd), or someone/thing else (3rd). Person is entwined with number. Person is visible in the pronominal system (pronouns) |
| aspect (p.48,50,312) | How the speaker frames or considers the action/state of the verb. Three main types in English: progressive (I am singing), perfect (Mary had lived in Paris.), and habitual(I exercise in the morning.) Also, non-marked (no) aspect: I fly to Madrid, tomorrow |
| voice (p.48,50) | The distinction between active and passive. Active: Mary opened the book. Passive: The book was opened by Mary. |
| complementizer (p.60,313) | A subordinate is often introduced by a subordinating conjunction (complementizer). It may be filled (that, WH-words), or unfilled (i.e. there is no overt one). It turns the sentence into a complement (or a modifier if clause mod. NPs) |
| clause (p.60) | A sentence within a complex sentence. There is no difference between a clause and a sentence. Sentence is used for simple sentences and clause is used for complex sentences. |
| sentence (p.54) | Components of a sentence include: constituents, phrasal constituents, etc. A simple sentence consists of a single clause. Complex sentences may consist of two or more clauses. |
| coordination (p.59,60) | Consists of taking two items of the same type (e.g. two clauses) and linking them at the same level using a conj: simple sentence + conj. + simple sentence = coordination |
| subordination (p.59,60) | Subordination consists in having one clause be a constituent of another clause (main/matrix clause). Often on a lower level than the main clause and often introduced by a complementizer. It is recursive (can keep happening) |
| case (p.46,312) | Visible only in pronouns and in the passive form of nouns (and nominals). The grammatical role of complements and adjuncts of the verb (valencies) in the sentence. sub., D.O., I.O., possessive, and instrumental are generally recognized as case. |
| modifier (p.45,50) | Modifiers are grammatical units that "attach" to another unit and effect its meaning, usually by limiting it. Four types: adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, and relative clauses. |
| adverb (p.51,311) | Adverbs modify pretty much everything but nouns. To identify adverbs: any verb that ends in -ly, cannot be modified morphologically or invariant (except for gradable adverbs), and enjoy a great freedom of placement. |
| adjective (p.51,311) | Modify nouns. Two syntactic uses, the predicative (the girl is smart) and the attributive (The smart girl). Three forms: unmarked (smart, pretty), comparative (smarter, prettier), and superlative (smartest,prettiest) (heuristic to identify them). |
| noun (p.45,317) | Person, place, thing, idea, state, etc. Inflected for case, number, and gender. Number is one of the best heuristics to use to iden. nouns. P.46,47 Yellow Heuristics |
| verb (p.47) | Special type of gramm. units that are central to sentences. Have valencies, i.e. take semantic arguments that fill meaning gaps. |
| article (p.53) | The main function of an article is to indicate the definite/indefinite distinction. If the mod. identifies the referent, the NP becomes definite. "The dog" vs "A dog" |
| preposition (p.53) | Prepositions are a closed class of words that indicated relationships, primarily of spatial location, but also more general. They modify nouns or verbs, or their phrasal equivalents, and take as argument a nominal or equivalent. |
| constituent (p.54,313) | Main component of sentence, several make up parts of a sentence. Simplest test is to check for coordination. Not everything is a constituent. Only groups that function as units. (p.55) Words, phrases, and sentences are constituents. |
| phrasal category (p.61) | One of the parts of speech. Phrasal categories include: NPs, VPs, AdjP, AdvP, and PP |
| transitive (p.57,321) | Transitive verbs take a subject and a direct object. John reads a book. Bivalent (two valencies) |
| intransitive (p.57,316) | Intransitive verbs take only a subject argument: Mary sleeps. A verb with a valence of 1 |
| ditransitive (p.57,314) | Verbs that take a subject, a direct object, and an indirect object: John gave Mary the book. Trivalent (three valencies) |
| copular (p.58,314) | Verbs that connect a subject and a noun or adjective complement. Verbs like to be(aka the copula), to seem, to appear, to look, to make, to elect, to become, etc. They take a noun/adj complement(do not take a DO or IO ). Mary looks(cop.) tired(adj.comp.) |
| valency (p.58,322) | Argument taken by a verb: a subject and possibly two objects. Verbs are transitive (2), intransitive(1), or ditrasitive(3). "Kick" requires two arguments, a kicker and a kickee. There are also rarely zero valent(avalent) or tetravalents (4 valencies) |
| adjunct (p.71,72) | Adjuncts are complements not required by the lexical meaning of the verb. (Figure 3.2) A word or group of words that, when removed, makes no harm to a sentences grammar. |
| complement (p.58,60) | Anything that follows the copular verb and introduces the subordinate clause. Mary is smart/the boss. (S+V+AComp./NComp) They made Mary CEO. (S+V+NComp.+NComp.) (complements follow copular verbs, whereas valent verbs have IO and DO) |
| pronoun (p.45,320) | A type of nominal, pronouns stand for nouns. A closed class of words that can replace NPs. They are inflected for person, number, and case. Pronouns are used primarily to avoid repeating NPs and to ensure cohesion(continued coreference) |
| articles (p.53) | main function is to indicate the definite/indefinite distinction. Definiteness is demonstrated by the definite article, but also by demonstrative (this, that, etc.) possessive (my your, etc.) personal (I, you, etc.) and some qualifier (all, every) |
| subject (p.56,321) | A simple sentence can be broken down into a subject (NP) and predicate (VP). Leftmost immediate constituent of the sentence. Tends to be the agent of the main verb. |
| predicate (p.56,319) | While the subject is the NP, the predicate is the VP. The second immediate constituent, which is headed by the verb. |
| predication (p.58,319) | Saying something about something else. The process whereby verbs express an action or state that involve arguments. "Mary eats a doughnut." Eats is the predicate and Mary and the Doughnut are the arguments. Contrasted with modification (Nominals) |
| modification (59,317) | Saying something about something else but with a crucial difference: modifiers are not in focus. Usually accomplished via adj. and adv. The relationship between two nominals where one affects the others meaning. "The BLUE book" Contrasted with predication |
| comparative (p.51,313) | One of the three forms of adj. and adv.(unmarked, comparative, superlative); implies a comparison between two or more entities. Prettier, harder, icier, faster, more dangerous, less intelligent, etc. |
| superlative (p.51,321) | One of the three forms of adj. and adv.(unmarked, comparative, superlative); indicate that the quality described is the highest of the class. Prettiest, hardest, iciest, fastest, most dangerous, least intelligent, etc. |
| coercion (p.40,54,321) | The contextual forcing of a word into the part of speech required by the syntax of the context. See Chapter 1 p.40 |
Created by:
J.Smith.777
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