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ENG501 1
Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vowel | Book: There are 12 vowels in English, but only 5 orthographic signs for them: a, e, i, o, u to which we can add y, w which are called "glides" and are a cross between vowels and consonants. |
| Consonant | Among the consonants, we distinguish two kinds: voiced (produced with a vibration of the vocal cords: b, d, g) and voiceless (no vibration: p, t, k). All the six consonants above are stops (i.e. they are produced by stopping the air flow |
| Stress | Vowels carry the stress in a word. "Stress" indicates that a vowel is uttered with greater volume and higher pitch than the surrounding vowels in other syllables. |
| Phoneme | There are 40 distinctive sounds in English. These are called phonemes. For example, [p] (sound brackets) is a phoneme of English. It is distinctive because if you replace it with another sound ([b]) you get a different word. Smallest unit, no meaning. |
| Distinctiveness | There are 40 distinctive sounds (phonemes) in English. They are distinctive because if you replace one sound with another you get a different word. What matters is telling each piece apart. |
| Morpheme | Morphemes are made up of one or more phonemes. So /dog/ is a morpheme, but so are /-s/ and /-ed/. The "-" indicated that the morpheme is attachable. Morphemes have meaning. /dog/ vs /dogs/ | /-s/ = plurality |
| Suffix | A type of affix morpheme, comes after the root. dog-s hous-es |
| Prefix | A type of affix morpheme, comes before the root. im-possible |
| Inflectional | Morphemes can be classified as inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes mark grammatical categories on their root morphemes (plural, past, etc.) |
| Paradigm | A list of forms that exemplify forms of a given noun or verb. They are useful because they help us organize the information and allow us to recognize forms of the verb and noun speedily. |
| Tense | Present, past. Verbs can be marked for tense and aspect |
| Tensed(verb) | The fact that the verb is either present or past means that it is tensed or finite |
| non-finite | Infinitives, present and past participle, and gerunds are all non-finite untensed verbs. |
| plural | more than one of something |
| singular | just one of something |
| periphrastic | lexically expressed forms - forms that do not utilize the auxiliary be. They are words that function in the same role as an inflection. See table 1.4 for clarification |
| inflections | Inflectional morphemes mark grammatical categories (such as plural, past, etc.) on their root morphemes. All inflectional morphemes are suffixes (come after). These morphemes are referred to as inflections and a morpheme carrying one is called inflected. |
| deictic | pointers to the context of utterance. They can point to whom the speaker is referring to. Pronouns are deictic and so are the three persons. |
| syllable | Syllables consist of a vowel preceded and/or followed by a number of consonants (preceded by three optional consonants and followed by up to four optional consonants) The vowel (nucleus) carries the stress. |
| affix | One of the two basic kinds of morphemes. Affixes are morphemes that attach to another morpheme. Some affixes only occur attached to another morpheme (bound) while others are not (free - /dog/ + /house/ = /doghouse/) Prefix, Infix, Suffix |
| allomorphs | Different manifestations of roots; e.g. possible possibili believe believ |
| root | One of the two kinds of morphemes. Roots are the kinds of words you find in a dictionary (/dog/ /house/ /shoot/) Root words belong to different parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adj.) Roots are also known as stems |
| system/systematic | Doing something consistently across the board: if you mark the distinction between one or more objects, then you must do so for every object - this is not to say that there cannot be exceptions, of course. Grammar is a system. |
| coercion | The contextual forcing of a word into part of speech required by the syntax of the context. e.g. the The - forcing the article the to become a noun. Or tree as a noun being forced into being a verb "tree a racoon" My example - kneecapped |
| derivational | Morphemes that produce new morphemes out of their root morphemes. Example /-ty/ takes the root possible, an adjective, and turns it into a noun (possibility). My example: /able/ takes a noun and turns it into an adjective |
| finite | Present and past tense verbs are tensed, or finite |
| heuristics | A heuristic is a discovery procedure: essentially instructions for solving a problem. Failure is guaranteed, but they are good guesses and they work most of the time. When it fails, we continue until we find a success. Example: you lose your phone |
| untensed | Infinitives, past and present participle, and the gerund. |
| aspect | An aspectual distinction that is very important in English is the difference between the action considered as ongoing or as a point in time. Aspect is independent of person, number, and tense. |
| person | English verbs have three persons (speaker, hearer, other). These persons are really deictic categories referring to which participant in the speech exchange is referred to. |
| competence | Chomsky. The knowledge that a language speaker has of their own language. One can only arrive at competence through the study of performance. Competence cannot be observed. |
| fricative | The opposite of stops (t, p, k), fricatives, or continuants have no stoppage which include the sounds with the following orthographic symbols: s, z, sh, j, h, ch, dg, and th. Some grammar rules depend on if a word ends in vowel or fricative |
| orthography | A system to represent the sounds of a language. Letters are units of orthography. The conventions used to transcribe speech into writing. A related meaning is "correct spelling". |
Created by:
J.Smith.777
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