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Sci 8 Final Review
Science 8 Final Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Steps of the Scientific Method | 1 Ask a question 2 Conduct Research/Background Information 3 Form a Hypothesis 4 Experiment/ Test your hypothesis 5 Analyze Data and Make a Conclusion 6 Communicate Results |
| independent variable | variable that you control (I Change); Affects the dependent variable |
| dependent variable | what you are measuring in the experiment; (Depends on the independent variable) |
| control | Baseline; what you compare your results against; Does not receive experimental treatment |
| scientific theory | Explains WHY something is true Can change Example: Spontaneous generation explained why worms were on the ground after a rain storm |
| scientific law | Something in science that is ALWAYS true Explains HOW things work Example: law of gravity |
| cell theory | Schleiden: All plants are made of cells. Virchow: All cells come from other cells Schwann: All animals are made of cells |
| Differences between plant and animal cells | -plants cells have cell wall and chloroplast (animal doesn't) -Larger vacuole in plant cell |
| Eukaryotic cells | -have a nucleus -have membrane bound structures -ex. plant and animals cells |
| Prokaryotic cells | -no nucleus -do not have membrane bound structures -ex. bacteria |
| Homeostasis | Ability to maintain a stable conditions |
| cell membrane | A protective layer around all cells |
| cytoplasm | gelatin |
| nucleus | Directs all cell activities and contains DNA |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid Hereditary material Contains sugar/phosphate sides and nitrogen bases Base pairs are thymine-adenine cytosine-guanine |
| chloroplast | Green organelle that contains chlorophyll and is where food is made photosynthesis occurs here |
| vacuole | -storage for the cell -bigger in plants cells -store food, nutrients, and waste |
| cell wall | Tough, rigid outer covering that protects the cell and gives it shape; ONLY IN PLANT CELLS |
| nucleolus | makes ribosomes |
| lysosome | breaks down material with digestive enzymes |
| Golgi body | transports proteins |
| mitochondria | stores and releases energy |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | folded membrane where materials are moved around the cell; can be smooth or rough |
| ribosomes | proteins |
| Levels of organization in the body | Cell-> Tissue-> Organs-> Organ System |
| light source | lights the stage so the slide is visible |
| focusing a microscope | Start on lowest magnification Place slide on stage and lock clips Adjust light source Use fine adjustment knob to focus |
| stage | where the slide is placed |
| diaphragm | rotating disk under the stage that lets the light in |
| objective lens | the lens closest to the slide |
| eye piece/ocular | the lens closest to your eye |
| nose piece | holds the objective lenses |
| body tube | separates the objective and eyepiece |
| base | bottom of the microscope; Hold arm and base when carrying microscope |
| arm | supports the body tube |
| coarse adjustment knob | knob you turn first to focus the image |
| fine adjustment knob | knob used second to fine tube the image |
| DNA replication | DNA copies itself by using an enzyme to split the strand. New bases pair up with both the old ones. Two identical strands of DNA are made. |
| Gregor Mendel | Scientist who studied heredity He used them because their traits were easy to observe and make crosses to |
| Punnett Square | diagram used to predict an outcome of a particular cross of genes Each box in a Punnett Square equals a 25% chance of an outcome |
| dominant gene | A trait that covers up the other allele Use a capital letter to represent it in a Punnett Square |
| recessive gene | A trait that is hidden or covered up by a dominant trait Use a lowercase letter to represent it in a Punnett Square |
| phenotype | physical appearance resulting from genotype; Example: Brown eyes |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism; Example: BB for eye color |
| pedigree chart | diagram that shows the occurence of a genotype from one generation to the next |
| homozygous dominant | Two dominant alleles for a trait; Example: BB |
| heterozygous | Two different alleles for a trait; Example: Bb |
| homozygous recessive | Two recessive alleles for a trait; Example: bb |
| Dichotomous key | a tool that helps to identify items/organisms in the world Always start at step 1 and follow the steps to according the traits you observe in the organism |
| scientific name | Consists of genus and species Example: Humans scientific name is Homo sapeins Genus= Homo Species= sapiens |
| survival of the fittest | those with the characteristics best suited to their environment will survive; Example: the peppered moths that changed from light to dark after the Industrial Revolution blended in to their environment better and thus survived better than the light colored moths |
| stem | transports water from roots to plant; supports the leaf/flower/fruit |
| sepal | part of the flower which protects the bud |
| petal | soft, colorful part of the flower which attracts pollinators |
| stamen | male reproductive part of the plant |
| anther | part of stamen where pollen is produced |
| filament | slender part of stamen that supports the anther |
| pistil | female reproductive part of the plant |
| stigma | sticky upper part of the pistil that receives the pollen |
| style | slender part of pistil that connects the stigma and ovary |
| ovary | contains ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization |
| pollination | transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant; pollen is transferred by wind or a pollinator |
| consumers | organisms that get their energy by consuming another organism (either a plant or another consumer) |
| producers | -organisms that create their own food -change energy from sunlight into chemical energy or food |
| carnivores | -organism that feeds only on other consumers -at the topmost level of the food chain |
| herbivores | organisms who feed only on producers or decomposers |
| decomposers | organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms |
| food web | diagram that shows the feeding relationship between organisms in an ecosystem |
| mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit |
| commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and other is unharmed |
| parasitism | symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and other is harmed |
| photosynthesis | process where plants take in energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide to make food (glucose) and oxygen |
Created by:
PRO Teacher
MrsWalsh
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