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PE CH 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory Rate | refers to the number of breaths taken per minute. |
| Tidal volume | is the amount of air breathed in and out in one breath. |
| Ventilation (V) OR Minute Ventilation | The amount of air breathed in or out per minute. Calculated: V = Respiratory Rate (RR) x Tidal Volume (TV) |
| Heart Rate | the number of times the heart contracts or beats per minute. |
| Stroke Volume | defined as the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each beat (contraction) of the heart (millilitres per beat) |
| Cardiac Output | is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart per minute. Litres per minute Calculated: Q = heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (SV). |
| Systolic blood pressure | Pressure in arteries following contraction of the left ventricle, as blood is pumped out of the heart. |
| Venous return | the flow of blood back to the heart via the veins. |
| The muscle pump | contracting muscles result in a pumping action against the veins forcing the blood towards the heart. Valves in veins prevent backflow. |
| Respiratory pump | during inspiration (breathing in) abdominal pressure is increased as diaphragm contracts thus emptying blood in thorax and abdomen towards the heart – they fill during expiration (breathing out) ready to be emptied again. |
| Vasoconstriction | reduces the capacity of the venous system pushing more blood towards the heart. |
| What happens when blood plasma volumes decreases? | blood becomes thicker and therefore the heart must work harder to move our blood around our body. |
| Vasodilation | an increase in the diameter of a blood vessel, resulting in an increase in blood flow to the area supplied by the blood vessel |
| Arteriovenous difference (a-VO2) | the difference between the oxygen content of arterial blood and venous blood, it is an indication of how much O2 is being used by the muscle. |
| VO2 | the volume of oxygen that can be taken up, transported and used by the body VO2 = Q x A-VO2 difference |
| Max VO2 | the maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up, transported and utilised per minute |
| A motor unit | consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it stimulates. |
| Decreased fuel stores | At the commencement and for the duration of exercise muscles use fuel stores to produce ATP. |
| Lactate Inflection Point | the exercise intensity beyond which lactate production exceeds removal, sometimes referred to as the lactate threshold. |
| Waste products | lactate and CO2 |
| Increased muscle temperature | As exercise commences and muscles contract heat is produced as a by-product of the breakdown of ATP to energy. |
| Enzyme activity | increases during exercise to produce the increased amounts of ATP required by the muscles. Enzymes are involved in all of the chemical processes that produce energy via the three energy pathways. |
| 3 energy systems | ATP-PC, Anaerobic glycolysis system and aerobic system |
| Diffusion | the movement of gases from areas of high concentration to low concentration |
| The respiratory system consists of two major muscles which are responsible for the breathing action | diaphragm and intercostals |
| he movement of gases; O2 one way and CO2 the other is called | gaseous exchange |
Created by:
Cooper100
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