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Physical Science SG

QuestionAnswer
What are the stages of a low mass star? Nebula, protostar, main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, and black dwarf.
What are the stages of a medium mass star? Nebula, protostar, main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, and black dwarf.
What are the stages of a high mass star? Nebula, protostar, main sequence, super giant, supernova, and neutron star.
What are the stages of a very high mass star? Nebula, protostar, main sequence, super giant, supernova, and black hole.
What is nebula? A cloud of interstellar dust, hydrogen and helium gas, and plasma.
What is protostar? Ball of gas and dust that is pulled together by gravity.
What is planetary nebula? The end of the red giant stage occurs when the atmosphere of the star becomes so spread out it slowly dissipates.
What is a main-sequence star? “Middle age”, longest stage, hydrogen fuses into helium which creates enormous amounts of energy (nuclear fusion), the size of the star does not change much this is the stage our sun is currently in.
What is a neutron star? a star that has collapsed to a point at which all particles are neutrons.
What is a supernova? Gigantic explosion in which a massive star collapses occurs after a massive star uses up its fuel source.
What is a red giant? This stage happens for medium mass stars. Occurs when a star begins running out of hydrogen – it starts cooling and expanding at the same time. The center shrinks and the atmosphere swells.
What is a supergiant? Stage that happens for large mass stars only. Occurs when the star begins running out of hydrogen – it starts cooling and expanding at the same time. The center shrinks and the atmosphere swells.
What is a black dwarf? Stage that occurs in low and medium mass stars. A white dwarf that has cooled sufficiently to no longer emit significant heat or light.
What is a brown dwarf? An astronomical object that is intermediate between a planet and a star. Brown dwarfs are star like objects that lack enough mass to begin fusion and thus do not emit light.
What is a white dwarf? Small hot star that is the leftover center of an older star.
What is a black hole? Small hot star that is the leftover center of an older star. Can shine for billions of years before they extinguish.
What is a pulsur? A neutron star that spins and sends out beams of radiation.
The vast majority of stars are... Red dwarfs.
What 2 elements are the major components of the sun? Hydrogen and helium. Bonus: Hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium.
What are the parts of the sun? (Layers) Core, corona, and photosphere.
What is the solar wind made of? Fast moving subatomic particles.
According to modern estimates, how long does it take for the energy generated in the sun's core to reach the surface? 100,000 to 200,000 years.
What generates the sun's magnetic field? Moving charged particles.
What are 2 types of eruptions from the sun's surface? A solar flare and CME.
What is a name for the interactions between the particles of a solar eruption and the earth's magnetic field/atmosphere around the poles? An aurora.
What are the two things that are plotted (displayed) on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram? Which axis do they each represent? Luminosity (vertical) and temperature (horizontal).
What is another name for the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram? An HR Diagram.
Luminosity is another way to say... The higher the luminosity the.... -brightness of the star. -brighter the star is.
In which direction does the temperature value increase on the x-axis of the diagram? It increases from right to left.
Where do we find 90% of the stars on the diagram? In the main sequence.
Stars in the main sequence of the HR diagram are... Stable.
Which types of stars are not part of the Main Sequence? Giants, super giants, and white dwarfs.
Using the HR diagram and knowing a star's temperature and luminosity, what conclusions can scientists make? Scientists can determine a star's size.
How many galaxies are in our local group? 54.
How many groups of galaxies are in the Virgo Supercluster? Over 100.
For perspective, Pluto is slightly smaller than... Earth's moon.
The "path" a star takes (or the stages of development a star goes through), depends upon... The mass of the star.
Low mass stars are usually what color? Yellow or red.
When does a star become a red giant? When most of its hydrogen fuel is used up.
Why are larger mass stars hotter and blue? They fuse their hydrogen faster.
What is the heaviest element that can be created by fusion during the life of a high mass star? Iron.
The explosion of a high mass star is called a... Supernova.
After a supernova, a high mass star can end up as a... Black hole or neutron star.
True or false, beyond Neptune, the solar system is empty. False.
The Oort Cloud is the origin point for ____ period comets. Long
The __________ is the origin for short period comets. Scattered Disk
_____ was the first discovered Kuiper Belt Object (KBO). (Ask Phipps).
True or false, unlike most Kuiper Belt Objects, Pluto's surface is not very reflective. False.
True or false, we have discovered/seen Oort Cloud objects. False.
The orbits of some long period comets could indicate that there's another ______ beyond Neptune. Planet
The first collection of ice/rock balls beyond Neptune is the... Kuiper Belt.
Pluto is a... Kuiper Belt Object.
What were the two theories about the Universe? 1.) The Milky Way was it and held the entire Universe in it. 2.) There were other Island Universes out there beyond the Milky Way.
How can you measure how far away things are in space? By measuring the apparent brightness of the Cephied Variable within the Galaxy.
Edwin Hubble found that the M31 nebula was located much further away from us than any stars in our galaxy. This nebula is now called the ____ galaxy. Andromeda
Are all galaxies the same size? No.
Why are galaxies flat? As objects spin, they naturally flatten out.
Which type of galaxy are characterized by a lack of gas and dust in them and are populated by older stars? Ellipcitcal.
When two galaxies collide, will individual stars hit each other? Not usually.
Which type of galaxy get their "weird" shape because they are in the process of colliding with other galaxies? Peculiar.
What kind of galaxy lack a shape? Irregular.
Scientists use the ___________ to study the collision of particles in the early universe. Giant Particle Colliders
The early universe was unfathomably ___ and ___. Dense; Hot
Which two subatomic particles are thought to be fundamental particles? Quarks and electrons.
The universe expanded and cooled and the four fundamental forces of nature became independent in the first _____ of the universe. Second
The primordial ratio of 75% hydrogen to 25% helium was set in the first ____ of the universe. 20 minutes
How long did it take for the universe to cool enough to produce stable atoms (not ionized)? 380,000 years.
What is the term to describe the massive expansion of space experienced by the early universe? Inflation.
When were the first stars formed? 400 million years after the Big Bang.
If you could measure the speed at with which a galaxy rotate, what property of a galaxy could you estimate? Its mass.
In our Solar System, the further an object is from the Sun, the ___(1)___ it revolves. In galaxies, the further an object is from the center, the ___(2)___ it revolves. 1.) Slower 2.) Faster
Based on the gravitational pull of galaxies, there is more... Invisible material in a galaxy than visible material.
Dark matter exists in... Galaxy clusters, elliptical galaxies, and spiral galaxies.
Dark matter is likely made of... Axions.
Give properties of axions. They don't give off much light, are incredibly small, and don't interact well with normal matter
Gravitational lensing is... The bending of light as it interacts with a source of gravity.
Who gets credit for the discovery of dark matter? Vera Rubin.
True or false, based on observations of the Bullet Cluster and other clusters, astronomers are 100% that dark matter is made of axions. False.
True or false, the universe would have been unable to form without the presence of dark matter. True.
What is the primary evidence that that our universe started from a single point? Space is expanding, and so if you project back in time, it's logical that everything started from a single point.
If the universe is expanding, then how is it possible for Andromeda galaxy and Milky Way galaxy to be on a collision course? They are close enough that gravity can overcome the space-time expansion.
Why might astronomers expect to see the expansion of the universe slowing down? The force of gravity acts to pull galaxies back together.
Which best describes the way in which the universe is expanding? It is expanding, and its rate of expansion is increasing.
As of scientist's current best estimate the universe will _____. Expand forever.
We can see the observable universe even though the most distant galaxies are moving away faster than the speed of light due to _______. When that light was emitted the galaxies were much closer together.
The continued expansion of the universe means as time passes we see... Less and less of the universe.
Though we don't know what it is, the stuff we call dark matter is responsible for the... Continual expansion of the universe.
A star generates energy by... Fusion.
Energy produced in a star's core moves through the star by... Convection and Radiation.
The brightness of a star depends on its... The lines in its spectrum.
The composition of a star can be identified by... The size of the star.
The sun will eventually end up as a... White Dwarf.
Stars produce energy by fusing hydrogen into... Helium.
A _________ is so massive and compressed that not even light can escape its gravity. Black Hole
A galaxy is a collection of... Stars.
Astronomers group galaxies into three types, according to their... Shapes.
Our solar system is located in which galaxy? Milky Way
What are the shapes of each of the galaxies? Elliptical: egg shaped or spherical. Irregular: lack a well-defined structure. Spiral: huge central bulge, surrounded by arms.
The closest star to Earth is... The Sun.
The Milky Way galaxy contains interstellar matter that may... Form new stars.
Elliptical galaxies often appear reddish due to an abundance of... Old Stars.
Our galaxy is classified as a... Spiral Galaxy.
Who first proposed that the universe is expanding? Hubble.
A star's apparent brightness is dependent upon... -Temperature. -Size. -Distance from Earth.
Like 90 % of all stars in our galaxy, the sun is... In Midlife.
Energy is released in stars as a result of... Fusion Reactions.
Most of the stars in the Milky Way will end their lives as... White Dwarfs.
What is a light-year? 9.4607×10^15 m The distance that light travels in one year.
How are irregular galaxies different from spiral and elliptical galaxies? Irregular- has no articular shape Spiral- have spiral arms of gas, dust, and stars, have a reddish color Elliptical- oval shapes, no spiral arms
What evidence was discovered in 1965 that supports the big bang theory? Cosmic background radiation was discovered.
What information can be derived from the color of a star? Temperature.
What determines whether a star becomes a white dwarf or a black hole? -The mass - Large: Black hole -Small: White dwarf
Define a Universe. Sum of all space, matter, and energy
What's a red shift? An apparent shift toward longer wavelengths of light when a luminous object moves away from the viewer.
What's a blue shift? An apparent shift toward shorter wavelengths of light when a luminous object moves toward the viewer.
What's the Big Bang Theory? The theory that all matter and energy in the universe exploded ten to twenty billion years ago and began expanding in all directions.
What's the cosmic background radiation? Steady but faint microwaves from all over the sky
What's the Doppler Effect? An observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving.
What's the big crunch? The possible contraction and collapse of the currently expanding universe.
What's a red-shift galaxy? Galaxy moving away from Earth.
What's general theory relativity? Theory that matter distorts space.
Created by: OliviaRoark
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