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Drugs of Abuse
Pharmacology
| Drugs of Abuse | |
|---|---|
| Opiate Receptors | mu, delta, kappa |
| Opiate Withdrawal | Acute signs (7-10 days): sweating, gooseflesh; Secondary phase (months): hypotension, hypothermia, dilated pupils |
| Opiate Toxicity | Opiate overdose leads to death by acute respiratory depression accompanied by respiratory edema; IV heroin abuse associated with infections |
| Methadone | Tx: Opiate addiction; mu-receptor agonist; orally active, satisfies craving for herion, less euphorigenic, tolerance and physical dependence less severe |
| Buprenorphine | Tx: Opiate addiction; partial agonist of mu opiate receptor; when taken with an agonist, buprenorphine acts as an antagonist; has a ceiling effect that lowers risk of overdose; potentially fatal in combination with high doses of benzodiazepines |
| Naltrexone | Tx: rapid detox programs for opiate use, sometimes in combination with total anesthesia; opiate antagonist |
| Clonidine | Tx: alleviates sympathetic overactivity during opiate withdrawal; alpha-2-adrenergic agonist |
| Sedatives | barbiturates and benzodiazepines; facilitate inhibitory neurotransmission by increasing GABA-activated chloride influx through GABA receptors |
| Sedative Withdrawal | anxiety, sleep disturbance |
| Sedative Abuse Treatment | substitute with a long-acting benzodiazepine (nitrazepam), reduce does gradually and treat axiety symptoms with busipirone (serotonin agonist); low dose use usually shows no adverse effects |
| Sedative Toxicity | used in suicide attempts; overdose causes coma with respiratory depression, pulmonary edema, and kidney failure; acute benzodiazepine overdose: administration of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist |
| Stimulants | cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine; stimulants increase synaptic availability of dopamine; cocaine blocks the dopamine transporter, preventing reuptake of dopamine; amphetamines increase the release of all catecholamines |
| Cannabinoids | THC, the psychoactive component, acts at two cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2; Withdrawal symptoms include insomnia, nausea, and irritibility |
| Hallucinagens | Scopolamine, MDMA (esctasy), LSD, PCP |
| LSD | no physical dependence even after prolonged use |
Created by:
DrCutiepie
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