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Social Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Person Perception | Process of forming impressions of others. Usually first impressions are wrong due to bias |
| Are good looking people smarter or do they perform better on employment assignments? | No. Research says there is no correlation between good looking people and intelligence or performance at work |
| Social Schemas | Organized ideas about social events or people: weddings, graduations, first week of college |
| Stereotypes | Cognition (schemas) widely held about individuals with certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. These are derived from social schemas Our brains organize information about same or different. |
| Prejudice | Emotions of dislike or hatred that grow from Stereotypes |
| Discrimination | Behavior that grows from prejudice |
| Confirmation Bias | Stereotypes from schemas lead to confirmation of people’s expectations about others even if they observe a kernel of truth.. Self-Fulfilling Prophesy |
| Illusory Correlation | when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of social traits and a category of people than they have actually seen. |
| Spotlight Effect | people’s perceptions that the social spotlight shines more brightly on them than on anyone else. Worry about something they might have done wrong. Works in opposite also. People pay little attention to your successes. |
| Ingroup | Group that a person identifies with |
| Outgroup | Group that does not include you |
| Evolutionary perspective of ingroup/outgroup | Need to identify people quickly as friend or foe for survival. |
| Attributions | inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others’ behavior and their own behavior. |
| Internal Attribution | When you ascribe a person's behavior to their personality. What a shy person she is! |
| External Attribution | When you ascribe a person's behavior to the situation. She was probably shy because she didn't know anyone |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | Placing blame on the person's disposition rather than on the situation |
| Defensive Attributions | We blame the victim so that we can remove ourselves from experiencing a situation that is similar. "I would never have gone out that late at night wearing something like that!" |
| Self-Serving Attribution | When things go right for us, we give credit to dispositional factors; when they go wrong, we blame external factors |
| Individualism | Placing individual goals ahead of the group's goals |
| Collectivism | Placing the group's goals ahead of the individual's goals |
| Matching Hypothesis | People tend to seek out people of equal attractiveness |
| Do birds of a feather flock together or do opposites attract? | Opposites can attract, but it becomes hard work after a while, and many relationships don't last |
| What is best predictor of a long-lasting relationship? | Similarity in attitudes. Attitudes have an emotional anchor and are difficult to change. |
| Romantic Ideals | People want their partner to measure up to their ideals: warmth, good looks, loyalty, high status, sense of humor, etc. |
| Romantic Ideals | The more our partner seems to match our romantic ideals, the more committed we are to the relationship...but are they a match? |
| Romantic Ideals | We should not commit too soon to the person as our romantic ideal. People wear masks for the first three months of a relationship. When we commit too early, we don't want to uncommit to protect our self esteem. Some people even marry this person! |
| Reciprocity Effect | We like and love people who like and love us. Don't try to make a person like you. Accept their decision. |
| Passionate Love | The ecstasy and the agony of love--thinking of the person all the time and wanting to be with them. This type of love often wanes, and people think they have fallen out of love. But some people feel this passion into their 80s. So wonderful for them. |
| Companionate Love | A more easygoing kind of comfortable love wanting to share a life together. There is passion, but not all consuming. |
| Love Attachments as Adults | Often follow the attachment one had with their mothers. Secure, Anxious Resistant or Anxious Avoidant. |
| Secure Attachment in love relationships as adult | Secure in your relationship, not needy or mistrusting. |
| Anxious (Ambivalent) Resistant in love relationships as adult | Insecure in relationship, mistrusting, constant need for affirmation. An exhausting relationship for both parties |
| Anxious Avoidant in love relationships as adult | Non-committal and approach-avoidant. Person runs hot and cold. Very confusing relationship for the other party. |
| Attitudes | positive or negative evaluations of objects or people. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Components |
| Cognitive Component of Attitudes | Beliefs about the object or person |
| Affective Component of Attitudes | Emotion associated with the object or person |
| Behavioral Component of Attitudes | Acting in a certain way toward the object or person |
| Attitudes | Very difficult to change another's attitude because of the emotional component |
| LaPiere Study: Behavior depends on the situation | At height of discrimination against Chinese, La Piere takes couple places with signs, No Chinese allowed. They were never denied food. Sends a survey asking if they feed Chinese and all answered no. Conclusion: difficult to act on our prejudice. |
| When trying to change attitudes | Trustworthiness of the speaker is more important quality. Two-sided arguments better than one, employ fear messages |
| Elaboration Likelihood Model | Central Route: uses fact and statistics Peripheral Route: uses emotion especially fear |
| Operant conditioning Theory of Attitudes | If your attitude is unpopular, you might change it. If popular, it will strengthen your attitude |
| Social modeling Theory of Attitudes | Attitudes of role models will rub off on the person |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Leon Festinger | Cognitive Dissonance: Holding two opposing attitudes. You will either change your attitude or change your behavior to bring yourself back to homeostasis |
| Compliance | Changing what you do because of a request 1. Foot in the door 2. Door in the face 3. Lowball approach |
| Foot in the Door | Make a smaller request than you really want. When the person agrees, then ask them for what you really want. |
| Door in the Face | Make a larger request than you really want. When the person refuses, then ask them for the smaller request which was what you really wanted. |
| Lowball Approach | Usually refers to purchasing items. Salesman will get you liking what he/she is selling, lowball the purchase price. Leave you alone for a while so you can feel it is yours. Returns and says he made a mistake. It costs more. |
| Conformity | When people yield to real or perceived group pressure. It is very uncomfortable to be the only one going against the group. |
| Solomon Asch | Designed the conformity study--length of lines. Know this study! |
| Obedience | A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands from a person in authority. Must be an authority figure to be labeled obedience |
| Milgram's Obedience Study | Using electric shocks to learn better. Know this study! |
| Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment; one's social role and the power of the situation | People take on the social role they have never held and hold power over others. Real occurrence in Abu Ghraib. Know the study! |
| Social Facilitation | We tend to perform better when being observed |
| Mere Exposure Effect | If we see a person in close proximity for a long period of time—in class, at work, we may begin to have romantic feelings for that person. |
| Social Behavior in Groups | 1. Bystander Effect 2. Group Polarization 3. Social Loafing 4. Groupthink |
| Bystander Effect | Exp: Latane & Darley: Investigated after onlookers in an apartment building did not help Kitty Genovese while she was being murdered 1960s. Everyone thought someone else was going to call police for help. |
| If there are 2-3 people in a group | One of the people will help in an emergency |
| If there are 4+ people in a group | People will stand by and not move to help quickly. Why? Diffusion of Responsibility |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | With 4+ people in the group, the responsibility to help diffuses over each person, and they will likely remain bystanders. |
| Group Polarization | If one person in the group is upset about a situation and suggests a strong solution, people who are also upset about the same, will agree with the solution, albeit over the top. A good committee head will table the discussion until emotions die down. |
| Social Loafing | More than 4 people on a committee encourages social loafing where at least one will disengage and let others do the work. With four or fewer people, responsibility is felt by all members |
| Groupthink | When an individual on a committee is a powerful person and disagrees with others' solutions, people will disengage and agree with that powerful person at the expense of thinking rationally for a solution. |
| Altruism | Helping behavior without thinking of reward. When someone instantly helps another individual, often in a dangerous situation, without considering danger to themselves. Or as simple as helping someone financially w/o thinking of themselves. |
| Aggression | Intent to harm another person 1. Hostile aggression 2. Instrumental aggression |
| Hostile Aggression | Based on anger against another person and reacting emotionally intending to hurt |
| Instrumental Aggression | Not based on emotion, but still to harm. Usually based on something to gain by committing the aggression. |
| Frustration | The thwarting of goal-directed behavior |
| Frustration-aggression hypothesis | When frustrated trying to attain a goal, the individual will act out aggressively. Ex: being cut off by another car. |
| Prisoner's Dilemma | Two people placed in separate rooms and questioned about their crime. They will not talk. The detective offers them both (without the other knowing) the chance to confess for a lighter sentence. Dilemma: each doesn't know if the other has same deal. |
Created by:
lmckay
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