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Ch1History/Approach
History/Approaches
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | Scientific study of human thought, feeling and behavior |
| Psychology's Roots | Philosophy and Physiology |
| Monism--Nurture--Tabula Rasa--individuals are born with a blank slate and their environment shapes them as a person | Enlightenment: John Locke |
| Dualism--Nature | Ancient Greece: Plato and Hippocrates Enlightenment; Rene Descartes 15-16th C philosopher (I think therefore I am) |
| Father of Psychology who brought Psychology from a philosophy to a science in the lab | Wundt: School of Structuralism--how is the brain organized. Take the pieces of the brain and put them back together again as the whole. |
| Introspection | Wundt's term: Reporting a conscious experience--what did you see? How does it feel? |
| William James | Began the School of Functionalism--wrote first psychology textbook |
| Charles Darwin | Organisms change over time to adapt to their environment |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | Student of James--although she did all work to earn her PhD, Harvard refused to award her. First female president of the APA |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | First woman to receive her PhD from Cornell U. Second female president of the APA |
| G. Stanley Hall | First president of the APA |
| Approaches to Psychology | 1. Psychoanalytical 2. Behavioral 3. Cognitive 4. Humanistic 5. Sociocultural 6. Biological 7. Evolutionary 8. Social Psychology |
| Psychoanalytical Approach | Founder: Freud: role of the unconscious--iceberg theory; id/ego/supergo/; defense mechanisms; what occurred during childhood that created mental illness? |
| Behavioral Approach | Watson and Skinner: Watson Little Albert classical conditioning. Taken from Pavlov's experiment with dog. Skinner--behavior only stimulus and responses--operant conditioning with rats and pigeons Man has no free will. Skinner most radical behaviorist |
| Cognitive Approach | How does the individual's thinking influence behavior? Theorists: Miller/Chomsky/Piaget |
| Humanistic Approach | Theorists Rogers and Maslow--something in environment is blocking the person's progression up the hierarchy of needs |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | 1. Physiological Needs 2. Safety Needs 3. Love and Sense of Belonging 4. Self Esteem 5. Self-Actualization |
| Sociocultural Approach | Individual's social world--culture, religion, gender, income level create the environment in which the person lives and reacts |
| Biological Approach | Studies biological factors that could cause certain neurological conditions |
| Evolutionary Approach | Darwin - physiciological adaptation: Cosmides and Tooby: behavioral adaptation allows human survival |
| Social Psychological Approach | Kurt Lewin founder: How does the group influence the individual's behavior--Missing link between psychology and sociology |
| Careers: Psychiatrist, Clinical Psychologist, Counseling Psychologist | Psychiatrist: MD - can prescribe meds Clinical Psychologist - works in hospitals diagnosing mental illness--cannot prescribe Counseling Psychologist - work from an office and see patients weekly to help with coping skills |
| Human Factors Psychologists | Background in engineering. Study design of office equipment allowing people to work their best |
| Industrial Organizational Psychologist | Work in large corporations and outsource employees to proper therapy--marriage counseling, rehab, etc. |
| Forensic Psychologist | Work with the courts as expert witnesses, help with jury selection |
| Biological Psychologists | How do the structures of the brain and nervous system influence behavior |
| Cognitive Psychologists | How does thinking and perception influence behavior |
| Developmental Psychologists | Study interaction of physical, cognitive and social emotional development over the lifespan |
| Educational Psychologist | Research how people learn and remember information--do not work in schools, but will work with educators |
| School Psychologists | Work with face to face experience in schools working with students and parents to improve the child's educational experience in schools |
| Psychometricians | Strong math background and major in testing and measurement. Will develop surveys, analyze and report |
| Social Psychologists | Sociocultural approach to psychology doing studies on the family, peer influence--research in universities |
| Dorothea Dix | Involved in making mental hospitals fit for humans. Campaigned for better facilities and care. |
| Martin Seligman | Positive Psychology: how thinking more positively affects your way of life: better relationships, higher goals, less depression and anxiety |
| Titchener | Student of Wundt's who named his school the School of Structuralism |
| Man is born free but lives everywhere in chains! | Monism: Jean Jacques Rousseau |
| The Social Contract | Rousseau--people should make the laws that are equal and fair to everyone. Government should enforce them. |
| Aristotle | Plato's student--Monism--the environment creates who we are |
Created by:
lmckay
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