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PHI- Ethics Quiz 2
Unit Two test for Ethics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Aquinas, Good has the nature of ___ and evil has the nature of ___ | An end ; a contrary |
| According to Aquinas, sinful actions result from | A. Reason's failure to apply the general principle of the natural law to a particular case. AND B. Rejection of secondary principles by evil persuasion, vicious custom, or corrupt habit. (Both A and B) |
| According to Aquinas, what is the first precept of law? | Good is to be done and pursued and eveil is to be avoided |
| According to Aquinas, the first principle of practical reason is? | "good is that which all things seek after." |
| Aquinas maintains that the natural law is... | the same for all in general principles, but not all matters of detail. |
| According to Aquinas, Which aspects of the natural law are unchangeable? | First Principles |
| The notion of ___ is the first thing that falls under the apprehension of the practical reason | Good |
| According to Aquinas, the proper form of man is? | the rational soul |
| What is Aquina's theory? | Natural Law |
| Define Eternal Law as per Aquinas | God's idea or or plan for the way the universe should run. |
| Define Natural law as per Aquinas | The creature's part in the eternal law; creaturely participation in God's plan of the world |
| According to Aquinas regarding Natural inclination--> Natural law | "All those things to which man has a natural inclination, are naturally apprehended by reason as being good, and consequently as objects of pursuit, and their contraries as evil, the objects of avoidance. |
| Aquinas on reason | We must use our reason to figure out how to achieve those good things and avoid the evil things |
| What is the first principle of practical reason - Aquinas? | Good is that which all things seek after. |
| What is the first precept of law - Aquinas? | Good is to be done and pursued, and evil is to be avoided. |
| Human Nature according to Aquinas | Humans/rational beings, have a natural inclination to know the truth about God, and to live in society. |
| Do the same natural laws apply to all people in all situations? According to Aquinas? | In general principles - Yes; In matters of detail - No |
| Can anything be added to Natural Law? - Aquinas | Yes. |
| Can anything be subtracted from Natural Law? - Aquinas | Nothing can be subtracted from the first principles of the natural law. Some rare cases of secondary principles can be changed. |
| Can Natural Law be blotted out of humans heart? - Aquinas | General principles - No Secondary precepts - Yes, evil persuasions, corrupt habits can cause this |
| What is Plato's Theory? | Devine Command |
| Define Piety | The quality of being religious or reverent; Godliness |
| What is being Pious mean? | What all gods love is pious, what all gods hate is impious |
| Socrates's argument on Piety | Although Gods love all pious actions, their love is not what makes those actions pious. Rather, they love the actions because they are pious already |
| Euthyphro Dilemma (Moral version) | I. Certain actions are morally right because god commands them OR II Certain actions are commanded by god because they are morally right? |
| Divine Command Theory | The claim that actions are right or wrong JUST BECAUSE god commands or forbid them is the Devine Command Theory (DCT) |
| Objection to DCT | According to DCT, God could make it morally right to kill the innocent, by commanding it. But, killing the innocent could never be morally right. Therefore DCT is false |
| What is Hobbes Theory? | Social Contract theory |
| According to Hobbes, in the state of nature ____ | there is no justice or injustice |
| According to Hobbes, life in the absence of a government would be ________ | Horrible |
| According to Hobbes, moral obligations arise from | Contracts |
| What is needed to ensure that a contract is followed? - Hobbes | That there be some power to force contracting parties to follow it. |
| What is the principal cause of conflict in the state of nature? - Hobbes | Competition, Diffidence, and Glory (All of the above) |
| What is "the Fool?" - Hobbes | Someone who claims that it is sometimes rational to break our covenants |
| Why should we seek peace? - Hobbes | Because it is in our own self-intrest |
| When does Hobbes think that people act for reasons other than self-interest? | None of the above - People always act out of self -intrest |
| What is the definition of injustice? - Hobbes | The braking of a contract |
| What is the Law of Nature as per Hobbes? | A rational principle that allows people to effectively pursue their own self-interest. |
| Big Picture of Social Contract theory | Morality consists in the set of rules governing behavior that rational (selfish) people will accept on the condition that others (selfish people) will accept them as well |
| State of War - Hobbes | -So the state of nature is a state of war of every man against every man. Life is Nasty brutish and short. -State of war, not just the time of actual conflict but the entire period when people know that their enemies will fight if given the chance. |
| Right of Nature - Hobbes | Everyone has the right to do whatever he or she thinks will preserve their own life |
| Hobbes three laws of nature | 1. Seek peace and follow it. 2. Make a contract (peace treaty, deal or covenant). 3. Keep our covenants (contract) |
| Hobbes believes - no Sovereign = No Justice | No reason to keep your covenants. No one to punish you |
| What is Mill's Theory? | Utilitarianism |
| According to Mill, what is the function of secondary moral principlees? | to guide decisions via intermediate generalizations |
| When should the first principles of morality be appealed to in decision making? - Mill | When secondary principles conflict |
| According to utilitarianism, the motive behind an action is relevant to to_____ | The worth of the agent who preforms the action |
| What is "happiness" according to Mill? | pleasure and the absence of pain |
| Mill says Utilitarianism is ________the existence of God | consistent with |
| According to Mill, lying is________ | Usually morally imermissible |
| The Greatest Happiness Principle states | that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness |
| Mill says that actions are right regardless of the motive | Saving a drowning man for any reason is right. (all of the above) |
| According to Mill, whose happiness is relevant for determining right conduct? | The happiness of all concerned |
| The business of ethics is to _______ -Mill | Tell us what our duties are. |
| What is Kant's therory? | Categorical Imperative |
| A categorical imperative is a requirement of reason that_____ | applies to us regardless of our desires |
| Per Kant, telling a white lies is | Morally imermissible |
| Actions have moral worth only if they --- Kant | Are done from duty |
| According to Kant, consequences of an action are_______ | irrelevant to the moral status of that action |
| Virtuous character traites are______ -Kant | always good and desirable |
| What makes a will good? - Kant | it's volition - That it wills the good |
| The prudent shopkeeper - Kant | acts in accordance WITH duty but not necessarily FROM duty |
| What is the only thing that is good "without limitation" - Kant | the good will |
| While we have a duty to preserve our own lives, most people don't act___ - Kant | FROM this duty |
| Kant's idea of the fundamental principle of morality? | Act only on maxims that you can at the same time will to be universal laws. AND Always treat humans as ends in themselves, never merely as means. (Both B and C) |
| What is the ultimate value according to Kant? | The Good Will (character) |
Created by:
sfaigin
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