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Solutions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| solution | A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
| solute | The part of a solution that is dissolved in a solvent |
| solvent | What the solute is dissolved in |
| homogeneous | A solution that is the same throughout |
| compound | A chemical union that cannot be separated by chemical means |
| mixture | A physical union that can be separated by physical means |
| heterogeneous | Composed of different constituents or of of dissimilar components |
| solubility | Degree to which a substance dissolves in a solvent to make a solution |
| concentration | A measure of the number of grams of solute dissolved per volume of solvent |
| Like dissolves like. | Solutes and solvents that have similar molecular polarity will interact |
| dipole | A separation of opposite electrical charge |
| polar | A state of an atom or a molecule having positive and also negative charges |
| nonpolar | A molecule in which there is no separation of charge, so negative or positive poles are formed |
| organic | Carbon-based |
| surface area | How much exposed area a solid object has |
| agitation | To shake something up |
| How does temperature affect solubility? | Temperature is directly proportional to the rate of solubility of solids and liquids; where it is inversely proportional to the rate of solubility of gasses |
| Rate of dissolution | How fast the sample dissolves |
| How does pressure affect solubility? | No effect on solid or liquid solutes, but an increase in pressure does increase the solubility of gasses |
| How does surface area affect solubility? | An increase in surface area means an increase in solubility |
| How does agitation affect solubility? | Increasing agitation means increasing solubility, except in the case of gas. |
| supersaturated | A solution that contains more than the average solvent that can be dissolved at a given temperature |
| acid | A compound that contains hydrogen and dissociates in water to produce hydronium ions |
| Hydronium ions | A water molecule that is the product of interaction between hydrogen and oxygen atoms |
| dissociate | To break down into smaller parts |
| Strong acids | Acids that completely dissociate in water |
| Weak acids | Acids that partially dissolve in water |
| Arrhenius theory | States that a base is a compound that produces hydroxide ions in a water solution |
| base | A substance that can neutralize an acid by reacting with hydrogen ions |
| Hydroxide ions | Polyatomic ion that consists of oxygen and hydrogen |
| alkaline | Solutions containing a base |
| Bronsted-Lowry theory | A theory that states that an acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor |
| salt | A compound composed of the positive ion of a base and the negative ion of an acid |
| Neutralization reaction | When there is an equivalent among of acid and base reacted together |
| pH scale | Measure of acidity and alkalinity |
| logarithmic | The difference of one pH unit represents |
| Reciprocal scale | As pH values decrease, the concentration of hydronium ions increases |
| indicator | An instrument that determines the pH of a solution |
| Litmus test | Used in chemistry to determine if a solution is acidic or basic using litmus or litmus paper |
| pH meter | An instrument used to measure the acidity or basicity of liquids |
| Glass electrode | Ion-selective electrodes based on the chemical properties of a glass membrane of defined chemical composition |
| electrolytes | Minerals in your body that have an electric charge |
| Electrical conductivity | The degree to which a specified material conducts electricity |
| nonelectrolytes | A substance that does not readily ionize when dissolved or melted and is a poor conductor of electricity. |
| Strong electrolytes | A solute or solution that is an electrolyte that completely dissociates in solution |
| Weak electrolytes | An electrolyte that does not completely dissolve in aqueous solution |
| cathode | The electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device |
| electrode | An electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit |
| anode | The electrode where electricity moves into |
| calibration | The process of configuring an instrument to provide a result for a sample within an acceptable range |
| Buffer solutions | A solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components |
Created by:
carla03
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