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Solutions Vocab
Term | Definition |
---|---|
solution | Homogenous mixture of one or more substances, called solutes, dissolved in another substance, called a solvent. |
solute | Dissolvable substance. |
solvent | Dissolves the substance. |
homogeneous | A solution that is the same throughout. |
compound | Chemical union that cannot be separated by physical means. |
mixture | Physical union that can be separated by physical means. |
heterogeneous | Non-uniform or not mixed throughout. |
solubility | The ability to be dissolved. |
concentration | How much of the solute is in the solvent. |
Like dissolves like. | Solutes and solvents that have similar molecular polarity will interact. |
dipole | Neutral molecules that have an imbalance in the distribution of charge. |
polar | Having electrical or magnetic polarity |
nonpolar | Does not have opposite positive and negative poles. |
organic | Carbon based |
surface area | How spread out something is. More area to come in contact with the solvent. |
agitation | To shake something up. |
How does temperature affect solubility? | The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of solubility. |
Rate of dissolution | How quickly something dissolves. |
How does pressure affect solubility? | Pressure on gasses causes them to have a higher solubility. |
How does surface area affect solubility? | The more surface area, the more area for the solvent to interact with. Causing solubility to increase. |
How does agitation affect solubility? | By shaking up a mixture it increases the speed of the particles, which makes them interact with each other more. |
supersaturated | When the solute concentration is higher than its solubility value. |
acid | A compound that contains hydrogen and dissociates in water. |
Hydronium ions | A protonated water molecule and present in all aqueous acids. |
dissociate | Break down into smaller parts. |
Strong acids | Acids that almost completely dissociate in water. |
Weak acids | Acids that partially dissociate in water. |
Arrhenius theory | A base is a compound that produces hydroxide ions in a water solution. Solutions containing a base are alkaline. |
base | A substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions. |
Hydroxide ions | A negatively charged molecule made up of one oxygen bonded to one hydrogen. When dissolved in water, it makes a strong base. |
alkaline | An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. Having a pH over 7. |
Bronsted-Lowry theory | An acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor. |
salt | A compound composed of the positive ion of a base and the negative ion of an acid. |
Neutralization reaction | When there is an equivalent amount of acid and base reacted together, it turns neutral because there is not more of either an acid or a base. |
pH scale | Used to measure acidity and alkalinity. |
logarithmic | A difference in one pH unit represents a tenfold change. |
Reciprocal scale | As the pH values decrease, the concentration of hydronium ions increases. |
indicator | Turns different colors depending on the pH of a solution. |
Litmus test | Placing a drop of a solution onto litmus paper to see what color the indicator turns. |
pH meter | Measures pH using a glass electrode. |
Glass electrode | Contains a reference solution and reference electrode which holds a stable, measurable voltage. It measures the voltage difference in a solution to determine pH. |
electrolytes | A special kind of conductor that transports electrons directly. Carry the electrons as a part of their ionic structure. |
Electrical conductivity | The ability of a solution to conduct an electrical current. |
nonelectrolytes | A substance that does not readily ionize when dissolved or melted and is a poor conductor of electricity |
Strong electrolytes | A solute or solution that is an electrolyte that completely dissociates in solution |
Weak electrolytes | A solute that partially dissociates or separates. |
cathode | One electrode with a positive charge. |
electrode | a conductor in which electricity enters or leaves an object, substance, or region |
anode | One electrode with a negative charge. |
calibration | The process of configuring an instrument to provide a result for a sample within an acceptable range. |
Buffer solutions | Used in calibration; solution that contains salt that resists pH change. |