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Psych ch 10
myers 7e psych ch 10 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| Prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in ca category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin |
| Algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error prone—use of heuristics |
| Heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
| Confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions |
| Fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective an impediment to problem solving |
| Mental State | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially a way that has been successful in the past but may not be helpful in solving a new problem |
| Functional Fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
| Representativeness Heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information |
| Insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
| Availibility Heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |
| Availibility Heuristic | the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments |
| Framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
| Beleif Bias | the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid |
| Beleif Perserverence | clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| Computer Neural Networks | computer circuits that mimic the brain’s interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognizing visual patterns and smells |
| Language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
| Artificial Intelligence (AI) | the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to stimulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language |
| Phoneme | in a spoken language the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| Morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) |
| Grammer | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| Semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences, in a given language; also, the study of meaning |
| Syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
| Babbling Stage | beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
| One-word Stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| Two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
| Telegraphic Speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—“go car”—using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words |
| Linguistic determinism | Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
Created by:
Krystle93
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