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Philo Test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Modus Ponens | If X then Y X So Y |
| Modus Tollens | If X then Y Not X So not Y |
| Disjunctive Syllogism | X or Y Not X So Y |
| Validity | argument is VALID if the conclusion can not be false if the premises are true |
| Arguement | set of premises that help support a conclusion |
| Invalid Arguments | Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent Fallacious Elimination Illicit Implication |
| Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent | If X then Y Y Assumed X |
| Fallacious Elimination | X or Y X Assumed Not Y |
| Illicit Implication | If X then Y Not X Assumed Not Y |
| Valid Arguments | Modus Ponens Modus Tollens Disjunctive Syllogism Reductio Ad Absurdum |
| Reductio Ad Absurdum | X So Y Not Y So not X |
| Sound | Argument is sound if it is valid and all premises are true |
| Enthymeme | Incomplete argument, that is missing a premise to make it valid and complete. |
| Dialectic | Sequences of related arguments, containing premises to challenge or support. |
| Ostensive Definition | A definition by example. |
| Extensional Definition | A definition that lists all possible cases where the term fits |
| Intensional Definition | A definition that has to test the term with conditions or properties to qualify it. |
| Natural Kind | Something defined by essential properties |
| Hedonism | Viewing life's meaning through experiences and pleasure |
| Pietism | Viewing life's meaning through religion and god. |
| Moralism | Viewing life's meaning through morality and goodness. |
| Nihilism | Viewing life's meaning as nothing and lack of purpose. |
| Theodicy | Argument to "Problem of Evil" Argue God exists as all-loving, powerful, and knowing. |
| Problem of Evil - POE 1 | 1- If God exists, he is all-loving, powerful, knowing 2- Good things would not knowingly allow evil 3- Evil still occurs ----------------------- 4- God does not exist |
| The Cosmological Argument - POE 2 | 1- Everything is caused by somethin 2 - Everything has a time in which it didn't exist 3- Assume no necessary being 4- so a time where nothing existed 5- at the time there were no causes 6- so nothing exists 7- but things exist 8- must be God |
| The Ontological Argument - POE 3 | 1- God is greater than all 2- God doesn't exist 3- If he doesn't exist he is not greater than all 4- God is NOT greater than all 5- God is and is NOT greater than all 6- God doesn't not exist 7- God exists |
| Intrinsic Value | Something valuable on its own |
| Instrumental Value | Something valuable IF it leads to an intrinsic value |
| Objective/Moral Truth | A truth that remains true no matter what |
| Propositional Knowledge | Justified true belief |
| Infallibilist Knowledge | Justification requires reason Impossible to justify a false belief (Descartes) |
| Fallibilist Knowledge | Justification should have evidence but not certainty Maintain either confidence, moral certainty, or reflective equilibrium |
| Foundationalist Knowledge | Justification can be found from basic knowledge |
| Coherentist Knowledge | No such thing as self-justifying beliefs, circle/web of belief. |
| Knowledge of Appearences | Knowledge of how something appears to be |
| Normative Theory | Theory of aesthetic, prudential etc. values associated with moral values |
| Value | How much you are willing to sacrifice for something else |
| Moral Value | A value that if not respected should result in punishment |
| Aesthetic Value | Value in regards to your senses |
| Prudential Value | Value in self interest |
| Propriety | Value in manners |
| Moral Theory | A description of the moral world |
| Desiderata for a Moral Theory | Things we desire of a moral theory 1- Truth 2- Simple & Systematic 3- Explanatory + Guidance |
| Structure of a Moral Theory | Foundational/First Order Principal General Rule/Principle Judgment Prioritization |
| Foundational/First Order Principle | Specifies which moral values have primary importance and the properties of these values Actions > Deontic Theory State of Affairs > Consequentalist Theory People > Virtue Ethics |
| General Rule/Principle | Evaluating an act with respect to moral status, no context |
| Judgement | Moral evaluation of an act in full context |
| Prioritization | Prioritizing general rules, if moral theory has them. |
| Kinds of Moral Theory | Moral Nihilism Moral Realism Moral Objectivism/Relativism |
| Moral Nihilism | A theory that denies there are any moral truths to systemize. Nothing is morally punishable or praiseworthy |
| Moral Realism | A theory that claims moral truths exist, and can be objectivism or relativism |
| Moral Objectivism | Some moral truths are mind INdependent and universal |
| Moral Relavitism | All moral truths are mind DEpendent and there are many moral worlds (can culture be wrong?) |
| Discounting Function for Future Generations | Rule of thumb that considers future generations well being when making decisions for living people. |
| Increasing/Decreasing Marginal Utility | The gain in total utility for 'adding' the item. Increasing if it increases utility MORE than previous item Decreasing if it increases utility LESS than previous item |
| What's Voltaire's argument AGAINST hedonism? Any fair objections? | Voltaire would never exchange wisdom for blissful ignorance and he feels that's what hedonism glorifies. |
| What's the defense of piety meaning of life in Ecclesiastes? Any fair objections? | All our materials are temporary, wisdom and good works are the only eternal things. All experiences are ephemeral. OBJECTION: does something have to be permanent to be valuable? |
| What's Plato's argument AGAINST piety meaning of life? Any fair objections? | "function over objective exception" just doing what the Gods unified was good not what we think is good. |
| What's Dostoevsky's version of Problem of Evil and how does it differ from traditional? Any fair objections? | If God is good evil shouldn't exist. Cosmo is about what created what Ontol is about greatness and contradicting (reductio) OBJECTIONS: good is diff for God |
| Traditional definition of knowledge? | Justified true belief |
| Difference between 'Fallibilism' and 'Infallibilism'? What theories of justification do we use? | Fallibilism is about evidence and confidence not certainty and Infallibilism is about reasoning and certainty. Epistemic (logic) + Pragmatic (goals) |
| What is Cartesian Skepticism? How does Descartes argue for it in "First Meditation"? | Explaining how knowledge of the external world is possible given the unknown. Because we rely on our senses for knowledge and our senses can't reach the outside world, we know nothing. |
| Willingness to use Experience Machine indicate hedonism viewpoint? | If we think it would be worth it to be pain free and do whatever we want despite not living a real life then we are hedonistic, because we prefer all faux pleasure over real pain. |
| How does Rachels define 'cultural relativism'? | morality has no objective truth, right and wrong are matters of opinion and cultures have different opinions. |
| What's Rachels best argument FOR cultural relativism? Any fair objections? | 1- diff culture diff morals 2- no objective truth only opnion 3- Some believe XYZ some believe not XYZ so there is no proof one is bad and one is good. OBJECTION: some things should be wrong across the board (murder, rape, pedophilia) |
| Does Rachels argue AGAINST cultural relativism? Any fair objections? | yes 1- "if CR is true we cant judge bad practices" 2- some practices are actually bad (slavery) 3- CR is false |
| Best argument FOR relativism? Fifth premise? Suspect? | NO universal truths 5th "it is arrogant to judge, we should be tolerant" this is suspect because there are somethings that are judge worthy |
| What 4 criticisms of Utilitarianism does Mill rebut? | 1- it encourages us to be selfish 2- encourages us to engage in immoral, lowly pleasures 3- demands impossible psychological acts 4- demands us epistemically incapable acts |
| What 5 criticisms of Utilitarianism are open problems? | 1- Limiting duties of benefit 2- making sense of rights 3- measuring happiness 4- what happiness should we maximize 5- adjusting for future generations |
| Utilitarianism | Happiness and overall state of well-being and welfare |
| Cartesian Skepticism | We have to be skeptical of what we are experiencing because the external world could be all fake |
| Ephemeral | Not permanent |
| Family Resemblance Defintion | define term by giving similar things as example |
| Deontic Theory | actions are the primary bearers of moral value |
| Consequentialist Theory | state of affairs are primary bearer of moral value |
| Virtue Theory | humans are primary bearer of moral values |
Created by:
bgpeek
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