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Psychology Unit 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a T-Type personality | thrill seeking |
| Motivation | need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
| Instinct theory (evolutionary perspective) | instinct, complex behavior, innate not learned, genetically hardwired |
| Homeostasis | body in balance physiological stability |
| Drive Reduction theory | as physiological needs increase, our psychological drive to reduce those needs increases, drives us to specific behaviors, unlearned |
| Arousal theory | when the goal isn't homeostasis, after meeting basic needs humans need stimulation humans seek optimal level of arousal |
| Yerkes-Dodson theory | performance increases with arousal only up to a point, then performance decreases |
| Hierarchy of Needs | Abraham Maslow must reach basic needs in order to achieve higher needs |
| Self-transcendence | need for meaning beyond oneself |
| Individualist societies | personal achievement over family and community |
| Asexuality | no sexual attraction |
| Estrogen | women typically more sexually receptive when estrogen peaks at ovulation |
| testosterone | testosterone increases sexual desires |
| Alfred Kinsey | institute for sex research known for Kinsey scale |
| Heterosexual | homosexual rating scale |
| William Masters and Virginia Johnson | sexual response cycle recorded physiology of sex in a lab |
| What are the 4 stages of the sexual response cycle | Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution |
| Excitement (sexual response cycle) | gentials engorged with blood vagina expands and secretes lubricant |
| plateau (sexual response cycle) | respiration, pulse, blood pressure continue to increase genitals fully engorged |
| orgasm | muscle contractions, feeling of sexual release |
| resolution (sexual response cycle) | gradual return to unaroused state |
| refractory period | time between ability to orgasm |
| External stimuli (psychology of sex) | erotic material |
| habituation to erotic material | diminished sexual response |
| Consequences of viewing (rape acceptability) | viewing content that depicts sexual coercion is found to increase acceptance of rape myths, acceptance of using violence or coercion, acceptance of rape |
| consequences of viewing (reduced satisfaction) | after viewing erotic images/ video- tendency to report less satisfaction with their partner |
| consequences of viewing (desensitization) | frequent viewing can lead to less brain activity in brain regions associated with sexual pleasure |
| Ancel Keys | minnesota starvation experiment |
| psychological effects of hunger/starvation | food obsessed lost interst in other activities |
| What is hunger (balloon experiment) | stomach contractions |
| glucose | blood sugar insulin (pancreas) converts glucose to stored fat |
| stimulation= (hunger and chemistry with hormones) | release hunger hormones |
| hypothalamus (ghrelin) | watches for ghrelin, secreted by an empty stomach signals hypothalamus that food is needed |
| set point | weight thermostat below this weight=hunger, lower metabolic rate |
| basal metabolic weight | body's resting rate of energy output |
| weight (evo perspective) | surplus calories= survival benefit exercise= spend unneccessary energy |
| carbs boost... | serotonin |
| more serotonin= | better mood |
| neophobia | dislike of unfamiliar foods |
| hunger (amnesia) | hunger has a psychological component |
| affiliation need | need to build relationships and to feel part of a group |
| Ostracism | deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups often used as punishment |
| formal ostracism | solitary confinement in prison |
| informal ostracism | ignoring someone in a social context |
| acetaminophen | alleviates physical and emotional pain |
| social amplifier | connects like minded people can boost feelings of connected or not |
| more time online = | impaired ability to ask others for help |
| narcissism | self love |
| Emotions | bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious behaviors |
| James Lange theory | arousal then emotion |
| cannon-bard theory | arousal and emotion simultaneously |
| schachter-singer | arousal + label =emotion |
| spillover effect | your situation/circumstance or environment can affect how you react to a new situation |
| roboert zajonc | emotions can exist without conscious interpretation |
| Joseph LeDoux | emotions can take a "low road" |
| Richard Lazarus | if some emotions do not require conscious thinking, then how do we know what we are reacting to? conclusion: we must on some level appraise an event in order to have emotions ( two routes to emotion) |
| Carl Izard | 10 basic emotions |
| Stress | how we perceive and respond to stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
| appraise | to judge/evaluate |
| is stress always bad? | no, as long as it is short lived |
| extreme and/or prolonged stress can lead to | risky decisions, unhealthy behaviors, dangerous pregnancy |
| accumulative stress | declines over time |
| stress response system | sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight- epinepherine), adrenal glands secrete cortisol |
| Hans Seyle- GAS | 1)Alarm 2)Resistance 3)Exhaustion |
| Alarm | sympathetic nervous system activated, blood directed to skeletal muscles, heart rate increase |
| Resistance | high body temp, blood pressure, respiration adrenal glands pump stress hormone |
| cortisol | primary stress hormone |
| Exhaustion | if stress isn't resolved and you stay in phase 2, resistance, for too long, potentially compromised immune system, collapse, death |
| Hans Seyle GAS conclusions | body is equipped to deal with temporary stress |
| Diminishing returns | as you increase the quantity of something the benefits decrease |
| adaptation level phenomenon | form judgements relative to neutral level defind by our prior experience |
| relative deprivation | the sense that you are worse off than those around you ex: income doesn't matter, income rank does |
| personality | pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
| projective test | any personality test designed to uncover your unconscious |
| psychodynamic theory | human behavior is a dynamic interation between the conscious mind and the unconscious mind |
| psychoanalysis | freuds theory that thought and actions are attributed to unconscious motives and conflicts |
| free association | letting the mind drift from subject to subject (Freud) |
| repression | we block out unacceptable thoughts |
| regression | retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
| reaction formation | switching unacceptable impulses to their opposite |
| projection | disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
| rationalization | offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions |
| displacement | shifting sexual or aggresive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person |
| sublimation | transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives |
| denial | refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities |
| Id | satisfy sexual and aggressive desires: pleasure principle |
| Ego | "executive", mediates between id, superego, and reality |
| Superego | internalized ideals, conscience |
| Problems with Freud's theories | explanatory rather than predictive theories are not testable |
| Neo Freudians (agree with Freud) | unconscious is important |
| Neo Freudians (disagree with Freud) | importance of sexuality |
| Alfred Alder | believed people were driven by a need for superiority, birth order (inferiority complex) |
| Karen Horney | believed that personality disturbances are caused by anxiety |
| Carl Jung | collective unconscious |
| Humanistic theories | view personality with a focus on potential for healthy personal growth, skeptical of personality tests |
| Actualization | fulfilling potential- self-focused not possible without the rest of the pyramid first |
| Transcendence | other-focused instead of self-focused and concerns higher goals than those which are self-serving |
| person centered perspective | people are basically good and have self-actualizing tendencies |
| Criticism of humanistic theories | naive- fails to account for human evil |
| Myers-Briggs type indicator | no evidence it works, no predictive value |
| Gordon Allport | described personality in terms of fundamental traits |
| trait | a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving |
| trait theories | describe the characteristics that make up personality predict future behavior |
| Raymond Catel | reduced the number of traits to between 16 and 23 |
| sybil and hans eysenck | reduce personality to extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, psychoticism |
| shyness | quiet out of fear of judgement |
| introverts | seek less stimulation |
| surface traits | easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person |
| source trait | the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality; building blocks |
| Personality inventories | questionnaires designed to gauge feelings and behaviors |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory | widely used test, originally for emotional disorders, also screens personality |
| The Big Five | theory believes that personality can be broken down into 5 basic traits |
| openness to experience | creative and adventure seeking |
| conscientiousness | responsible and dependable |
| extraversion | outgoing |
| agreeableness | someone who is trusting, warm, giving, and tolerant |
| neuroticism | emotional stability vs instabilty |
| maturity principle | become more conscientious and less neurotic up to age 40 |
| person-situation controversy | behavior is influenced by environment and inner disposition |
| Social-Cognitive theories | personality is aquired in part through observational learning behavior influenced by interaction between people's traits and social context |
| Behavioral approach (social-cognitive theories) | effects of learning on our personality development |
| reciprocal determinism | interacting influences of behavior, cognition, and environment (Bandura) |
| person-situation controversy pt. 2 | people make responses they believe will lead to reinforcement |
| best predictor of future behavior is | current behavior pattern |
| criticisms of social-cognitive theories | too focused on situations-ignore traits and emotions |
| The self | organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions-center of personality, concept of possible selves |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others noticing and evaluating of your appearance/performance |
| self esteem | feeling of self worth |
| self-efficacy | sense of competence on a task |
| low self esteem | more likely to disparage others, express racial prejudice, spend more time with other online profiles |
| excessive optimism | can hide real risks |
| blind incompetence | ignorance can sustain self-confidence |
| self-serving bias | readiness to perceive oneself favorably most people see themselves as better than average |
| Generation Me | Jean Twenge people born in 1980s and 90s demonstrate higher marcissism levels |
| problems with Generation Me | only surveyed college students, assumes the NPI accurately measures marcissism, vanity and entitlement are decreasing, other reasearch disagrees with Twenges |
Created by:
sophiesoup13
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