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Phil & Ethics 2
PHI 110-Ethics Quiz Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Moral philosophy or Ethics | The study of what we should aspire to in our lives and of how we should live. |
| Value Theory | The area of Moral Philosophy that tries to determine wht is valuable in and of itself, or what good life consists in. |
| Normative Ethics | The branch of philosophy which tries to identify the supreme principle(s) of right action. |
| Metaethics | The part of ethics that asks about whether there are any genuine moral truths, what they are, and how we know them. |
| Moral Problems | The last section of our book is devoted to a variety of.... |
| Utilitarianism is a position in | Normative Ethics |
| David Hume's main argument | "If moral claims were objectively true, then we should be able to discover our moral duty just by thinking hard about it. But, no amount of reasoning can show us our moral duty. Therefore, morality CANNOT be objective. " |
| David Enoch Argument | All of us are committed to the position that morality IS objective. |
| Mary Midgley | Will argue against cultural relativism. |
| David Hume Conclusion | Moral Judgments are not produced by reason. |
| Moral Judgments | Any distinction we make between right and wrong, good and bad, virtue and vice. EX. Stealing is wrong, or Courage is virtue. |
| Hume's Four Arguments | 1. The Motivation Argument 2. The Representation Argument 3. You can't see morality. 4. You cannot infer an "ought" from an "is" |
| Reason is the discovery of... | Truth or Falsehood |
| "Truth or falsehood consists in an agreement or disagreement either to the real (BLANK) or to real existence and (BLANK) | 1. Relations of ideas 2. Matter of fact |
| According to Hume, which of the following are capable of being either true or false? | Beliefs |
| According to Hume, what "matter of fact" makes an action morally right or wrong? | Whether I have a feeling of approval towards the action. |
| T or F: Hume thinks that you can properly infer claims about what we ought to do from claims about what is the case | False |
| Harman's Question | "Can moral principles be tested and confirmed in the way scientific principles can?" |
| Harman's Answer to his question | Moral principles cannot be tested and confirmed in the way scientific principles can |
| Hume -V- Harman | 1.Disagree about Moral observations. Hume says "no such thing", Harman says there are. 2. Agree that there are no observational evidence for our moral claims. |
| Harman's Crucial Principle | An observation confirms a theory only to the extent that the truth of the observation is the best explanation of why the observation was made. |
| According to Harman. "Observations are always... | Theory Laden |
| T or F: According to Harman, an observation is an immediate judgement made in response to the situation without any conscious reasoning having taken place | True |
| According o Harman, we make which of the following kinds of observations? | Moral AND scientific |
| T or F: According to Harman, you need to assume the existence of moral facts in order to adequately explain the occurrence of moral observations. | FALSE! you DO NOT need. |
| According to Harman: In order to explain the occurrence of moral observation, "you need only make observations about (Blank) or moral (blank) of the person making the moral observation." | Psychology or moral sensibility |
| T or F:Per Harman, The best explanation for the observation of a proton in a cloud chamber is tht there is actually a proton going through the cloud chamber, causing the vapor cloud | True |
| T or F: Per Harman, an observation supports a theory only if the truth of the theory is the best explanation for the occurrence of the observation | True |
| According to Harman, Which kind of evidence do we have to have for mathematics? | Indirect observation |
| "But there does not seem to be any way in which the actual rightness or wrongness of a given situation can have any........ | Effect on your perceptual apparatus - Harman |
| Macki's Thesis | There are no objective values. No objective moral facts. He calls his view "error theory" |
| Reasons for different moral beliefs | 1. People draw different conclusions from the evidence, like science. 2. People adhere to and participate in different ways of life. Mackie prefers #2. |
| Argument from relativity | Therefore, probably, our moral beliefs are caused by our ways of life, not by perception of objective values. |
| Argument from Queerness | If there were objective values, we would have to have a really weird way of knowing about them - a 'faculty of moral intuition'. We do not have such faculty. Therefore, we have no way of knowing objective values. |
| Accouding to Macki | When we think we are recognizing objective moral facts, we are actually just projecting or objectifying our own moral attitudes. |
| T or F: According to Mackie, there are no objective values? | True |
| Mackie calls his position.... | Error Theory |
| One key premise in the argument from relativity is that... | Different societies have different moral beliefs |
| One reply to the argument from relativity is... | There are very general basic principles which are recognized at least implicitly to some extent in all society |
| Per the Argument from queerness if there were objective values, then they would be entities or qualities or relations of..... | a very strange sort |
| T or F: According to Mackie, our knowledge of many things besides morality is also non-empirical. | False |
| Per Mackie both these statements are true..... | 1. If there were objective values, they would be intrinsically motivating to anyone acquainted with them. 2. We have no idea how objective moral qualities are linked to natural features of the world |
| According to Mackie | The supposed objectivity of moral qualities arises from what we can call the projection or objectification of moral attitudes. |
| Enoch's Argument | We all intuitively believe in objective morality |
| Objectivity | A subject matter is objective if the truths or facts in it exist independently of what we think or feel about them. |
| Three tests for objectivity | 1. Spinach test - don't like it, don't eat it. 2. phenomenology of disagreement and deliberation test - how does it feel to argue? 3. The counter factual test - if morals have been different, would discrimination be morally permissible or still wrong? |
| According to Enoch for objectivisim | 1.You probably believe intuitively that morality is objective. 2. Intuitive beliefs are justified unless they are defeated by counter arguments. 3. There are no conclusive counterarguments against the objectivity of morality. |
| Enoch thinks that you are a moral | Objectivist/Realist |
| Per Enoch, if something like the spinach joke is not funny then the subject matter is | objective |
| Per Enoch, Which analogues of spinach joke are funny | None |
| Per Enoch, Moral disagreement or deliberation feels more like disagreement about | Global warming |
| Per Enoch, even if our beliefs and practices have been very different it still would have been true that... | Smoking causes cancer and discrimination is wrong. |
| A subject matter is objectiveif the truths or facts in it exist.. | independently of what we think or feel about them. |
| So, what we need is a criterion to distinguish between | objectively-undermining and non objectivity undermining disagreements. |
| Per Enoch; "It seems as if the only way of accommodating the importance of (Blank) is actually to accept morality's objectivity, not to reject it. | Toeration |
| Moral Philosophy | Concerns Questions about how we may treat others |
| Epistemology | Concerns questions about knowledge. |
| Moral epistemology examples | 1. Where does moral knowledge come from 2. How can we get answers to moral questions? 3. What should we do in the face of moral disagreements? |
| Mill's Utilitarian moral principle | Right actions are those actions that produce the most happiness for the greatest number of individuals. |
| Reflective Equilibrium | A method for arriving at rational moral principles that might systematically explain our current moral beliefs regarding the rules and actions we accept and reject |
| Henry Sidgwich argues regarding disagreement | If two moral claims disagree with one another this leads us temporarily to a state of neutrality, of not knowing. |
| (Blank) is about both what actions are right and wrong and what knowledge we can have about what actions are right and wrong | Moral Epistemology |
| Per McGrath, Moral Knowledge is | Often dependent on our empirical knowledge |
| With Moral uncertainty about what is right or wrong in a particular situation our problem is often not one of missing some piece of ..... | Empirical information |
| According to McGrath, Which of the following moral philosophers was an empiricist about moral knowledge? | Mill |
| Moore would say that we know moral truths through | intuition |
| Judgements that seem clearly true when you carefully reflect upon them under conditions that are conductive to judging well are called. | Considered Judgements |
| Name the method in moral philosophy that involves balancing moral principles an judgements at different levels of generality | Reflective equilibrium |
| According to Sidgwick, Moral disagreement leads us into a state of | Neutrality |
| The problem of disagreement arises because many of our moral beliefs are... | Controversial |
| The problem of debunking arises because | Evolutionary forces played a strong role in shaping our moral beliefs. |
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