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Force and Motion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Position | An object's location in space |
| Motion | The change in an object's position |
| Rate | A quantity, amount, or degree of something measured per unit of something else |
| Linear Motion | Where objects move along lines |
| Displacement | How far an object moves in a specific direction |
| Scalar quantity | A quantity that has measurements but in no particular direction |
| Vector quantity | A quantity described by both a magnitude and a direction |
| Velocity v.s. speed | Speed is the time rate at which an object is moving along a path, while velocity is the rate and direction of an object's movement. |
| Speed formula | speed = distance/time |
| Units for speed | meters per second |
| Instantaneous rate | the rate of change of a function at a certain time |
| Average rate | a single rate applying to property at more than one location |
| Velocity formula | Velocity = (final position - initial position) / (final time - initial time) |
| Units for velocity | meters per second |
| Uniform motion | Motion that has a constant rate |
| Delta | Change |
| Convenient scale | A structure is defined to build a set of numbers that are convenient for use by humans in counting or measuring |
| Acceleration | The change in velocity over time |
| Deceleration | Negative acceleration |
| Units for acceleration | meters/second squared |
| Force | A push or a pull on matter |
| Newton's first law of motion | An object will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion, unless acted on by an unbalanced force |
| Law of inertia | if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force. |
| Inertia | The tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion |
| Frictional forces | the force generated by two surfaces that contacts and slide against each other. |
| Static friction | The force required to overcome inertia of a stationary object |
| Kinetic friction | the force required to keep an object moving at a constant speed. |
| Rolling friction | the force required to keep an object rolling at a constant speed |
| Newton's second law of motion | the time rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal in both magnitude and direction to the force imposed on it. |
| Force formula | force = mass x acceleration |
| Force units | Newton |
| Newton's third law of motion | For every force or action, there is an equal and opposite force or reaction |
| Normal force | Normal force is the force that the ground (or any surface) pushes back up with |
| Free body diagram | diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation |
| Quantum mechanics | the physics of the smallest pieces of matter |
| Relativistic mechanics | science concerned with the motion of bodies whose relative velocities approach the speed of light c |
| Energy formula | energy = power x time |
| Energy units | Joules, Newtons |
| The four fundamental forces | the strong force, the weak force, the electromagnetic force, and the gravitational force |
| The universal law of gravity states ______ | every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. |
| Force of gravity formula | F = G*((m sub 1*m sub 2)/r^2) |
| Gravity units | meters per second squared and newtons per kilogram |
| Inverse square law | the intensity of light from a given source varies inversely with the square of the distance of the source. |
| Weight | the force that gravitation exerts upon a body, equal to the mass of the body times the local acceleration of gravity |
| Free-fall acceleration | An object that is moving only because of the action of gravity |
| Weight formula | F = m × 9.8 m/s |
| Weight units | newtons & kilograms |
| Electromagnetic force | a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles |
| Nucleons | a proton or neutron especially in the atomic nucleus |
| Nuclear force | the forces that act between two or more nucleons |
| Strong nuclear force | is responsible for binding protons and neutrons together in an atomic nucleus |
| Weak nuclear force | is responsible for radioactive decay by being able to convert a proton into a neutron of vice versa |
| Work | measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force at least part of which is applied in the direction of the displacement. |
| Work formula | work = force x displacement |
| Work units | Joule & Newtron |
| Machine | an object or mechanical device that receives an input amount of work and transfers the energy to an output amount of work |
| Effort force | The force used to move an object over a distance |
| Resistance force | The force which an effort force must overcome in order to do work on an object via a simple machine |
| Inclined place | simple machine consisting of a sloping surface, used for raising heavy bodies |
| Fulcrum | the point on which the beam pivots |
| Lever | movable bar that pivots on a fulcrum attached to a fixed point |
| Fixed pulley | A pulley system in which the pulley is attached to a fixed point and the rope is attached to the object |
| Movable pulley | A pulley system in which the pulley is attached to the object |
| Mechanical advantage | a measure of how much a force is increased by using a tool or machine |
| Power | the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time |
| Power formula | Power = work / elapsed time. |
| Units for power | Watts & Joules |
| Efficiency | the percentage ratio of the output energy to the input energ |
| Efficiency formula | efficiency = output / input |
| Acceleration formula | a = Δv/Δt |
Created by:
carla03
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