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Research Methods
Review for Exam !
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four ways of knowing things? | Intuition, authority, rationalism, empiricism |
| What is intuition? | Knowledge or belief obtained neither by reason nor by perception; a gut feeling. |
| What are the problems with intuition? | Overconfidence and bias |
| What is authority? | Appeal to an expert |
| What are the problems with authority? | Experts credibility? |
| What is rationalism? | Deduce the answer, using logic, from previously known facts. |
| What is empiricism? | Infer the answer based on previous experience. |
| What is science? | Can be falsified and relies critically on data for assumptions |
| What is Phenomenological assertions? | More descriptive, WHAT happens WHEN, expressed probabilistically |
| What is Theoretical assertions? | More explanatory, WHY what happens WHEN, are generative (can apply to more than the original conditions) |
| Objectivity? | The data must be objective and verified by someone else, it should also be "third person" |
| Replicability? | Data must be replicable, same results under the same exact conditions |
| Can assertions be proven correct? | NO, they can only be proven wrong |
| What are some attributes of Empirical Science? | It only addresses answerable questions, produces tentative, falsifiable conclusions, uses systematic observation & experimentation, requires objectivity & replicability, assumes (some form of) determinism |
| Weak determinism? | all events have antecedent causes |
| Probabilistic determinism? | if all relevant antecedents are known, then the distribution of future events can be known |
| Strong determinism? | if all relevant antecedents are known, then the future event can be known (in advance) |
| First 2 steps to handling data? | 1. Pre-processing- for each individual subject 2. Summarizing- for all subjects |
| What is the correlation coefficient? | r |
| What is the coefficient of determination? | r^2 |
| What are the 5 guiding principles of APA code? | Beneficence and non-malfeasance (costs vs. benefits), Fidelity and responsibility (be aware of position of power), Integrity, Justice (minimize bias and unfair treatment), Respect for people rights and dignity (safeguard welfare of participants. |
| What are the goals of the IRB? | Risk is minimized, risk=anticipated benefits, selection of subjects is equitable, informed consent, consent is appropriately documented, research plan makes provision for monitoring data collection, privacy and confidentiality is protected, additional saf |
| What are the 3 things that psychology research rely on? | Empiricism, rationalism, and authority |
| What is a bivariate? | It must measure the relationship between pairs |
| What are the 3 classes of variables? | Continuous, Discrete, and qualitative |
| What is the continuous variable? | It is numerical and can take on any value between two extremes |
| What is the discrete variable? | It is numerical but can only take on certain values ( whole numbers) |
| What is the qualitative variable? | It is categorical, values differ in a non-mathematical way |
| What is a condensed score? | A variety of different raw measures combined |
| What is a summary score? | A set of identical measures are combined |
| What are descriptive statistics? | A summary of a given data set, usually a sample of a population. Impossible to be wrong |
| What are inferential statistics? | Goes beyond the given data set and makes a probabilistic statement about the population from which the sample was taken. It is a guess and absolutely can be wrong |
| What is the function of summarizing univariate data? | To pass lots of information in fewer words. Focused on spread, center, and shape of distribution |
| What does 'r' measure? | The directionality of the relationship between two variables |
| What does 'r^2' measure? | How much ones variance can be explained by the other one. |
| What is the importance of the range of values for correlation? | The relationship can not be generalized outside the range of values |
| Correlations are...? | Bidirectional, you don't have causality |
| What is unreliability? | When you measure the same thing many times under identical conditions, you don't often get the same values every time. This is quantified by the standard deviation. |
| What is the general rule for reliability in psychology? | Test/retest reliability score must be >+.70 |
| Theories are concerned with what? | Unobservables |
| What is an observational definition? | A statement that maps one or more empirical measures onto one or more theoretical constructs |
| What is Construct Validity? | the extent to which the measure provides an exhaustive and selective estimate of the target theoretical construct |
| What is convergent validity? | the extent to which the measure is correlated with other measures of the same underlying constructs |
| What is discriminate validity? | the extent to which measures is not correlated with measures of different underlying constructs |
| How do you achieve exhaustiveness? | convergent validity |
| How do you achieve selectiveness? | discriminant validity |
| What are three major threats to construct validity? | problems with measures, problems with the construct being measured, and problems that arise during the use of the measure |
| What is reactivity? | any change in the behavior of the subjects die to the fact they're being measured |
Created by:
mlindgren21
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