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Learning Theories
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pavlov | Russian MD who is first credited for Classical Conditioning with the dog |
| Pavlov's CC experiment with the dog | Bell (NS) + Meat (US) = dog salivating (UR) After a number of trials Bell (CS) = dog salivating (CR) |
| Watson | American behaviorist known for his Classical Conditioning with Little Albert |
| Watson's experiment | White rat (NS) + Loud Noise (US) = Baby cries (UR) After a number of trials White rat (CS) = Baby cries (CR) |
| CC Acquisition | First time the organism responds to only the CS learning has occurred |
| CC Stimulus Contiguity | How many trials it took for acquisition to occur |
| CC Extinction | When the organism no longer responds to the CS, extinction has occurred |
| Spontaneous Recovery | After extinction, for no other reason, the organism gives the CR to the same CS |
| Stimulus Discrimination | When the organism will not respond to a similar but different stimulus (CS) |
| Stimulus Generalization | When the organism does respond to a similar but different stimulus (CS) |
| Higher Order Conditioning | When the environment is not pristine and the organism becomes conditioned to another stimulus (CS) other than the one the experimenter is wanting to condition. |
| Phobic Example of CC | Little boy watching horror movie (US) while eating popcorn (NS) and he gets scared of the movie (UR). After a number of nights, he develops a phobia of popcorn (CS) = fear (CR) |
| Emotional Example of CC | Song (NS) + Dancing Closely (US) = Love Emotion (UR) After a number of dances Song (CS) = Love Emotion (CR) |
| Physiological Example of CC | Unusual tasting drink (NS) + immunosuppressant injection to dog (US) = antibodies lower (UR) After a number of trials Unusual Tasting Drink (CS) = antibodies lower (CR) |
| Skinner | Behavior is nothing more than stimulus and response Known for his operant conditioning experiments with rats and pigeons |
| Example of OC | Baby sees lever on busy box and pulls it (neutral behavior) Bear pops up (stimulus/reinforcement) Baby pulls lever again (Response) Learning has occurred |
| Thorndyke's Law of Effect | The more pleasing the stimulus/reinforcement, the stronger the association between the stimulus and the response. In other words, the more the organism likes the stimulus, the more he will respond to it |
| Reinforcement | occurs when an event following a behavior increases an organism’s tendency to make that response again, such as a rat pressing a lever and receiving food. |
| Skinner Box | Open box with removable partitions to create mazes for the rat to run through (creates learning) |
| Emitted | Verb used for responding to a stimulus in OC because the response is voluntary |
| Elicited | Verb used for responding to a stimulus in CC because the response is involuntary |
| OC Acquisition | When the baby presses the lever purposefully to see the bear pop up, learning has occurred |
| Reinforcement Contingencies | Rules that the organism must follow in order to receive the reinforcement |
| Shaping | Giving the reinforcement even though the organism has not yet fully accomplished the learning |
| Primary Reinforcement | Food, shelter or clothing |
| Secondary Reinforcement | Money, toy, snack |
| Token Economy | Token coin as a reinforcement so child can exchange the token for something they want |
| OC Extinction | When reinforcement is no longer given, the organism will eventually stop responding |
| OC Resistance to Extinction | When the reinforcement is given only some time, the organism will keep trying to respond |
| Latent Learning | Learning that appears to come later: Tolman |
| Cognitive Map | The rats' brains create a map of how they should run the maze: Tolman |
| Tolman | Discovered the idea of the rat running through the maze perfectly after the first or second time it was changed |
| Schedules of Reinforcement: Intermittent Reinforcement instead of Continuous Reinforcement | When we don't reward continuously for good behavior |
| Ratio | This reinforcement for a certain number of determined responses |
| Interval | Time period or specific day |
| Fixed Ratio | Parents give a reward for child getting good test grade three times in a row. Child knows that three good test grades in a row will earn him a reward |
| Fixed Interval | Parents take the child out for a special dinner every Friday night if the child gets a good report from the teacher that week |
| Variable Ratio: gives the best type of response | Parents give a reward for child getting good test grade two times in a row, then changes it to four times in a row and then three times in a row. The child never knows how many times he must get a good test grade for a reward. |
| Variable Interval | Parents change up the night for special dinner when child gets a good weekly report from the teacher. Sometimes they go on Friday, Sunday, Monday. The child never knows what night they will go. |
| Positive Reinforcement | Child gets reward for observing a family rule |
| Negative Reinforcement | Parents reward the child for observing a family rule by removing something they don't like to do. "Because you were so good this week, you don't have to get up early Saturday morning and walk the dog." |
| Escape Learning | Usually follows negative reinforcement. Child will always try to observe that family rule to avoid walking the dog early Saturday mornings |
| Punishment | Child gets a poor weekly report from the teacher so parents say he cannot go to the movies on the weekend. |
| Gershoff | Useless spanking study because he did not qualify "spanking", "aggression," "delinquency" |
| Diana Baumrind | Parenting researcher expert who evaluated Gershoff's study and said it was not a well written survey |
| Taste Aversion | Used as a deterrent for alcoholics trying to stop drinking. Also occurs when food poisoning happens--we usually will not eat that type of food again |
| Superstition | Faulty causal reasoning. Ex: baseball player hits a grand slam wearing a new pair of socks. He determines they are his lucky socks and won't play without them again. |
| Bandura | Observational Learning: Bo Bo Doll is his landmark study Claims that learning occurs from observing a role model and mimicking the behavior |
| Bo Bo doll experiment | Know it |
| Four steps to observational learning | 1. Attention; 2. Retention; 3. Motivation and 4. Reproduction |
| Huesman and Miller (1994) | The more violence children watch on TV or play with video games without parent supervision, the more aggressive they become |
Created by:
lmckay
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