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Physicas Concepts
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| Vocab | Definition |
|---|---|
| spatial | of or pertaining to space on or near the Earth's surface |
| absolute location | actual spot where something is located, including data such latitude and longitude |
| relative location | location relative to other human and physical features on the landscape |
| site | the physical character of a place |
| situation | the location of a place relative to other places |
| place name | a toponym, or the name given to a place on earth |
| absolute direction | precise and exact mathematical direction one place is to another |
| relative direction | vague direction one place is in relation to another |
| absolute distance | exact, mathematical distance from one point to another in some unit of measure |
| relative distance | approximate or vague distance one point is from another; an approximation |
| size | amount of land an area takes up; relative or precise |
| scale | implied degree of generalization |
| physical attributes | natural landscape (the environment before human impact on it; nature) |
| cultural attributes | cultural landscape (fashioning of a natrual landscape by a cultural group) |
| built landscape | one created or modified by human action |
| sequence occupance | change over time of the cultural environment of the local area |
| environmental determinism | a 19th and early 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment cuased human activiti |
| possibilism | the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives |
| spatial interaction | an analytical technique that estimates the number of interactions occurring between an origin and destination locations. |
| accessibility | the availability of an area for human reach and settlement |
| connectivity | the relationship places have between themselves |
| network | the complicated system of connectivity amongst places all around the world |
| distance decay | the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with incrasing distance from its origin |
| friction of distance | similar to distance decay; the ability to communicate with locations farther away becomes more difficult |
| time-space compression | a process in which time is reorganized in such a way as to reduce the constraints of space; shortening of time and a ‘shrinking’ of space |
| hearth | the region from which innovative ideas originate |
| relocation diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another |
| expansion diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process |
| heirarchial diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places |
| contagious diffusion | the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population |
| stimulus | the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected |
| distribution | the arrangement of something across Earth's surface |
| arithmetic density | the total number of people divided by the total land area |
| physiological density | the number of poeple per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture |
| dispersion | the spread of an idea, practice, etc. by varying methods |
| concentration | the spread of something over a given area |
| dispersed/scattered concentration | far apart |
| clustered/agglomerated concentration | concentratration in one area; close together |
| pattern | the geometric or regular arrangement of something in study areas |
| linear pattern | trends fall in one line |
| centralized pattern | trends are featured primarily in one region, spreading out from there |
| random pattern | no visible trend recognizable |
| region | an area distinguished by a unique cominatino of trends or features |
| formal/uniform region | an area in which everyone shares in one or more idstinctive characteristics |
| functional/nodal region | an area organized around a node or focal point |
| perceptual/vernacular region | an area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity |
| map | tool most uniquely identified with geography; the ability to use and interpret maps is an essential geography skill; a two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Eearth;s surface or a portion of it |
| map scale | distance on a map relative to distance on earth |
| large scale map | shows great detail |
| small scale map | shows little detail; vague |
| distortion | alteration of the original shape of the Earth that occurs when placing it onto a flat map |
| projection | the system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map |
| grid | patterns of latitude and longitute put over a map |
| latitude | the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator |
| parallel | a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians |
| Equator | located at 0 degrees latitude |
| longitude | the nubmering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian |
| meridian | an arc drawn on a map between the north and south poles |
| prime meridian | the meridian, designated at 0 degrees longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England |
| International Date Line | an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth opposite the Prime Meridian which offsets the date as one travels east or west across it; it corresponds to the time zone boundary separating +12 and -12 hours GMT |
| thematic map | shows the spatial distribution of one or more specific data themes for standard geographic areas, generally by varying hues and shades of colors |
| statistical map | used to display the distribution of a variable over a geographic area, usually defined by political boundaries |
| cartogram | a diagram which uses the form of a map to present numeric information while maintaining some degree of geographic accuracy |
| dot map | generally illustrates varying amounts of concentration using dots |
| choropleth map | map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income |
| isoline map | map containing lines or shaded regions to distinguish different regions of various attributes (most weather maps) |
| mental map | an internal representation of a portion of the Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located |
| Geographic Information Sensing (GIS) | a system for creating and managing spatial data and associated attributes; capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, and displaying geographically-referenced information |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | A system that determines the precise position of something on Erath through a series of satellites, tracking sections, and recievers |
| Remote Sensing | The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods |
| Models | simplified abstractions of realtiy, structured to clarify casual relationships, used to explain patterns, make informed decisions, and predict future behaviours |
| adaptive strategies | describes system of economic production; the most important reason for similarities between two (or more) unrelated societies is their possession of a similar adaptive strategy |
| agrarian | pertaining to agriculture |
| agribusiness | the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's sufrace through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain |
| agricultural industrialization | purpose was to make it possible for fewer people to produce more; transformation of agriculture to more factory and production oriented |
| agricultural landscape | the area on which agriculture is cultivated, and its level of fertility |
| agricultural origins | where agriculture first began, by long term experimentation and trial and error vegitative- southeast asia, west africa, northewst south america seed- west india, north china, ethiopia, southwest asia |
| agriculture | the deliberate effort to modify a protion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain |
| animal domestication | phenomenon whereby a wild biological organism is habituated to survive in the company of human beings; Domesticated animals, plants, and other organisms are those whose collective behavior, life cycle, or physiology has been altered for human purpose |
| aquaculture | the cultivation of the natural produce of water (such as fish or shellfish, algae and other aquatic plants) |
| biorevolution | the end result of biotechnology. improved methods of producing food. |
| biotechnology | technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine; the manipulation of organisms to do practical things and to provide useful products |
| collective farm | an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farm's net output; also called collectivization |
| commercial agriculture | agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm |
| intensive substinence agriculture | a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land |
| extensive agriculture | an agricultural production system over a vast area of land, such as the Great Plains; practised on low-cost land and so doesn't require chemical stimulants |
| core/periphery | a boundary or outer part of any space or body; not as connected |
| crop rotation | the practice of growing two (or more) dissimilar type of crops in the same space in sequence; a practice of polyculture |
| cultivation regions | areas where crops are more likely to be successful and able to cultivate |
| dairying | a class of agricultural, or more properly, an animal husbandry enterprise, raising female cattle for long-term production of milk, which may be either processed on-site or transported to a dairy for processing and eventual retail sale |
| debt-for nature swap | an agreement between a developing nation in debt and one or more of its creditors |
| double cropping | harvesting twice a year from the same field |
| primary sector | the portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry |
| secondary sector | the portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials |
| tertiary sector | the portion of the economy concerned with transporation, communications, and utilites, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment |
| quatenary economic sector | not tied to resources, the environment, or access to a market; with improvements in telecommunications, these economic activitees can be located antwhere; factors that tend to affect are the location of "high tech" economic activities |
| quinary sector | sector of the economy associated with the technology and changes |
| pesticides | any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insect or pest |
| soil erosion | displacement of soil by the agents of wind, water, ice, movement in response to gravity, or living organisms, harming soil nutrients |
| desertification | degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting |
| extensive susistence agriculture | subsistence agriculture practiced over a large spread of land |
| shifting cultivation | a form of sustinence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period |
| slash-and-burn | another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing vegitation and burning the debris |
| milpa | a crop-growing system in the Yucatán peninsula area of Mexico; calls for 2 years of cultivation and eight years of letting the area lie fallow |
| swidden | a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning |
| nomadic herding/pastoralism | a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals |
| extractive industry | industries involved in finding, extracting, and associated processing of natural resources located in or on Earth's surface |
| farm crisis | occured during the 1980's; the depletion of true 'family farms' to industry |
| farming | A tract of land cultivated for the purpose of agricultural productio |
| feedlot | A plot of ground on which livestock are fattened for market |
| First Agricultural Revolution | considered to have occurred some time around 9000-7000 BC, most likely in the "hearth areas"; generally recognized to have begun with the development of seed-based agriculture and the use of animals |
| fishing | activity of hunting for fish or other aquatic animals |
| food chain | describe the feeding relationships between species in a biotic community; show the transfer of material and energy from one species to another within an ecosystem |
| forestry | the art, science, and practice of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources |
| globalized agriculture | agriculture used for marketing and commercial purposes rather than personal or servival uses |
| green revolution | rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers |
| growing season | the period of each year when crops can be grown, determined by climate and crop selection |
| hunting and gathering | in anthropological terms one whose predominant method of subsistence involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, using foraging and hunting, without significant recourse to the domestication of either |
| intensive subsistence agriculture | a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yiled form a parcel of land |
| intertillage | maunal loosening of soil, plow, weed, and spread fertilizer during the crop-growing period |
| livestock ranching | To manage or work domestic animals, such as cattle or horses, raised for home use or for profit on a ranch |
| market gardening | a small business growing fruits and vegetables, perhaps in glasshouses or in the open, which is sufficiently near a city – specifically its market – for produce to be transported there and arrive in fresh condition |
| mediterranean agriculture | a temperate biome, characterized by hot-dry summers and mild and rainy winters, with a specific pattern of agriculture, specializing in grapes and wine |
| mineral fuels | are hydrocarbon-containing natural resources such as coal, oil and natural gas |
| mining | the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam |
| planned economy | an economic system in which decisions about the production, allocation and consumption of goods and services is planned ahead of time, in either a centralized or decentralized fashion |
| plant domestication | the modification of plants for human usage |
| plantation | a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one ore two crops for sale |
| renewable | a resource that has theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans |
| nonrenewable | a source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted |
| rural settlement | the settling of an area with characteristic of the country |
| dispersed rural settlement | a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages |
| nucleated rural settlement | a phase transition of rural settlments in a small but stable region |
| building material of rural settlement | typically resources found around the settlement; for example, a settlement based on forestry may have building materials of wood |
| village form of rural settlement | tightly clustered |
| Carl Sauer | fierce critic of Environmental Determinism, which was the prevailing theory in Geography when he began his career; Sauer rejected positivism, preferring particularist and historicist understandings of the world. |
| second agricultural revolution | Farmers began using new fertilizers for land and artificial feedstuffs for animals. Combined with improved drainage this meant the agricultural economy was very strong between 1840-70 |
| specilization | the act of specializing; making something suitable for a special purpose; specifically agriculture for a specific purpose |
| staple grains | grains that compose the main part of ones diet, such as wheat, rice, corn, oats, barely, rye, millet, quinoa, sorghum, wild rice, spelt, and tef. |
| suitcase farming | farming outside of a country |
| survey patterns | patterns of certain areas more likely to be surveyed |
| long lots (survey pattern) | surveying long strips of land from one point to another (such as between bodies of water) |
| metes and bounds | a system or method of describing land, 'real' property (in contrast to personal property) or real estate; uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define and describe the boundaries of a parcel of land |
| township-and-range | method of surveying where each piece of land is divided into geometrical shapes (like square miles) |
| susainable yield | farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typicalyl by rotating soil-resotring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizers and pesticides |
| third agricultural revolution | agricultural revolution based primarily on increased productivity; the "miracle seed" |
| mechanization | use of machines to replace manual labour or animals and can also refer to the use of powered machinery to help a human operator in some task |
| chemical farming | the use of chemicals to modify seeds and plants to increase productivity |
| food manufacturing | producing food for the masses rather than for individual use; includes collecting, packaging, etc |
| "Tragedy of the Commons" | a phrase used to refer to a class of phenomena that involve a conflict for resources between individual interests and the common good |
| transhumance | the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures |
| truck farm | commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities |
| Johann Von Thunen | developed the first serious treatment of spatial economics, connecting it with the theory of rent; created Von Thunen model of agriculture which organizes farming by methods to maximize profits |
| Acculturation | the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture |
| assimilation | the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another |
| cultural adaptation | Change in behavior of a culture or group in response to new or modified surroundings |
| cultural core/perifphery pattern | where a culture originated |
| cultural ecology | geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships |
| cultural identity | The set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognizable as a part of a culture |
| cultural landscape | fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group |
| cultural realm | an area within a culture |
| culture | the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material tratis that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition |
| culture region | the area of culture shared by most members |
| formal cultural region | area of near uniformity in one or several characteristics |
| functional culture region | area created by the interactions between the core and cultural region (surrounding area) |
| perceptual (vernacular) culture region | area defined by subjective perceptions that reflect the feelings and images when perception comes from local people |
| expansion diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process |
| relocation diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another |
| innovation adoption | the adoption of innovations or inventions between cultures |
| maladaptive diffusion | spread of the inability to adapt productively |
| sequent occupance | each group that occupies and dominates an environment leaves its imprint |
| adaptive strategies | strategies a culture or group uses to adapt to their surroundings |
| anglo-american landscape characteristics | characteristics found among the anglo-american landscape |
| architectural form | The art and science of designing and erecting buildings according to cultural procedures or customs |
| built environment | The urban environment consisting of buildings, roads, fixtures, parks, and all other human developed improvements that form the physical character of a city. |
| folk culture | culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups |
| folk food | types of food that originated by small, homogenous, rural groups living in relative isolation from other groups |
| folk house | traditional ways to build houses originating from a small, relatively isolated hearth, transmitted orally |
| folk songs | composed anonymously and transmitted orally |
| folklore | The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally. |
| material culture | culture visible through artifacts |
| nonmaterial culture | cultural patterns or customs that don't involve material items |
| popular culture | culture found in a large, heterogenous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics |
| survey systems | organized and coordinated methods used to survey. |
| traditional architecture | cultures express a shared heritage in patterns of construction of their shelter |
| creole | a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated |
| dialect | a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation |
| indo-european languages | spanish, german, hindi, russian, english |
| isogloss | a boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate |
| language | a system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning |
| language family | a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history |
| language group | a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary |
| language subfamily | subfivision of a language family, such as the germanic branch of indo-european languages |
| lingua franca | a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages |
| linguistic diversity | many different languages spoken within a country |
| mono/multilingual | ability to speak one language/ability to speak multiple languages |
| official language | the language adopted for use by the govenment for the conduct of business and publication of documents |
| pidgin | any language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues |
| toponymy | a name of a locality, region, or some other part of Earth's surface or an artificial feature. |
| trade language | language that is used for business and international matters when they don't speak the same language |
| annexation | legally adding land area to a city in the united states |
| antartica | not a country due to zero population, many claimed territories overlapped among one another, |
| apartheid | laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically seperated different races into different geographic areas |
| balkanization | process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities |
| border landscape | the land composing the area of a location containing the border between two countries |
| boundry disputes | a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states |
| boundary origin | the origin of the boundary of a state |
| boundary type | natural/physical, ethnographic/cultural, boundary |
| buffer state | a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them |
| capital | the principal city or town associated with its government. It is almost always the city which physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of the seat of government and fixed by law |
| centrifugal | something that pulls a country/group apart |
| centripetal | an attitude that tends to unify people and inhance support for a state |
| city-state | a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland |
| colonialism | attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory |
| confederation | an association of sovereign states, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. |
| conference of berlin (1884) | convinced countries that common trade in africa was a wise idea |
| core/periphery | where something originiates |
| decolonization | the process by which a colony gains its independence from a colonial power |
| devolution | the granting of powers from central government to government at regional or local level |
| domino theory | indicates that some change, small in itself, will cause a similar change nearby, which then will cause another similar change, and so on in linear sequence, by analogy to a falling row of dominoes standing on end. |
| EEZ | a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. Generally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast |
| electoral regions | divided regions among a state in which electoral boundaries are drawn |
| enclave/exclave | country totally inside another/country totally seperated from its 'mother' country |
| ethnic conflict | conflict that results from clashing ethnic groups. |
| european union | an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 European countries, known as member states. ctivities cover all areas of public policy, from health and economic policy to foreign affairs and defence. |
| federal | A two-tier system of government where defence and foreign policy is dealt with at one level and health, education and housing at another. |
| forward capital | a capital that is forward in government |
| frontier | a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control |
| geopolitics | The belief that location and physical environment are important factors in the global power structure. |
| gerrymandering | process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefitting the party in power |
| global commons | common global happenings |
| heartland/rimland | center of a country/outskirts of a country |
| immigrant states | state that people immigrate into from another country |
| international organization | organization involving more than one state (country) |
| iron curtain | Between 1945 and 1989, the imaginary barrier between the capitalist and the Eastern bloc communist countries: USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria and Albania. |
| irredentism | an international relations term that involves advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity and/or prior historical possession, actual or alleged. It is a feature of identity politics and cultural an |
| israel/palestine | ome individuals and groups advocate total territorial removal of the other community, some advocate a two-state solution, and some advocate a binational solution of a single secular state encompassing present-day Israel, the Gaza strip, the West Bank, and |
| landlocked | a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea |
| law of the sea | a distinct body of law which governs maritime questions and offenses. Under conventions of international law, the flag flown by a ship generally determines the source of law to be applied in admiralty cases, regardless of which court has personal jurisdic |
| halford J. mackinder | Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world |
| manifest destiny | the belief that the United States had a divinely inspired mission to expand, spreading its form of democracy and freedom. Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was obvious and inevitable |
| median-line principle | East Timor's negotiating position is based on a median line (that is, drawing a line halfway between Australia and East Timor) and on equitable lateral boundaries. Australia disagrees with this position. |
| microstate | a state that encompasses a very small land area |
| ministate | small part of a state |
| nation | A large number of people of mainly common descent, language, and history. |
| national iconography | songs, poems, prints, etc that promote centripital feelings of nationality |
| nation-state | a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality |
| nunavut | the largest and newest of the territories of Canada; it was separated officially from the vast Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999 via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the actual boundaries were established in 1993. The |
| raison d'etre | reason to exist |
| reapportionment | the process of determining representation in politics within a legislative body by creating constituencies. This is typically done in proportion to the population in the individual sectors. The United States, for instance, delimits the House of Representa |
| regionalism | a term in international relations that refers to the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express that particular identity and shape collection action within a geographical |
| religious conflict | conflict based upon religious struggles |
| reunification | reunification of all of a "state" under a single political entity |
| satellite state | a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power. |
| self-determination | concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves |
| shatter belt | A zone of fragmented rock caused by movement along a fault. |
| sovereignty | ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| state | an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established goernment with control over its internal and foreign affairs (country) |
| stateless ethnic groups | ethnic group with no country to call their own (the kurds) |
| stateless nation | group of united people with no set state or country |
| suffrage | the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. |
| supranationalism | a method of decision-making in international organizations, where power is held by independent appointed officials or by representatives elected by the legislatures or people of the member states. |
| territorial disputes | conflicts between the area held by a state |
| territorial morphology | A State’s physical shape |
| territoriality | The need by an individual or group to establish and hold an area of land. |
| theocracy | a form of government in which a religion or faith plays the dominant role. Properly speaking, it refers to a form of government in which the organs of the religious sphere replace or dominate the organs of the political sphere. |
| treaty ports | port cities in China, Japan and Korea opened to foreign trade by the so-called Unequal Treaties, i.e. imposed by imperialist naval powers on militarily helpless Asian states. |
| UNCLOS | provided new universal legal controls for the management of marine natural resources and the control of pollution. |
| unitary | governed constitutionally as one single unit, with one constitutionally created legislature. The political power of government in such states may well be transferred to lower levels |
| USSR collapse | The changes in the USSR occurred most dramatically during the 1980s and early 1990s, with perestroika, the dramatic fall of the Berlin Wall, and finally the dissolution of the Soviet Union. |
| woman's enfranchisement | took many decades to achieve because women had to persuade a male electorate to grant them the vote. Many men — and some women — believed that women were not suited by circumstance or temperament for the vote. |
| population densities | the distributions of people in comparison to available resources |
| demographic regions | the population characteristics of a region |
| population distributions | the arrangement of people in comparison to available resources across earth |
| ecumene | portion of earth's surface occupied by human settlement |
| natural increase rate | the percentage in which a population grows in a year CDR-CBR=NIR |
| infant mortality rate | the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared with live births |
| mortality | number of deaths |
| population explosion | when a population increases dramatically over a short period of time |
| Thomas Malthus | english economist who predicted that population would outgrow food resources |
| demographic transition model | chart that shows a sequence of changes over time in vital population growth rates |
| zero population growth | where crude birth rate equals crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero |
| age distribution | the age structure of a population |
| population pyramid | a bar graph that displays a country's population by age and gender groups |
| cohort | groups ages on population pyramids |
| sex ratio | the number of males per hundred females in the population |
| gendered space | the relationship between males and females in a population |
| standard f living | average income, healthcare, well-being, etc |
| diffusion of fertility control | the way fertility control changes from place to place |
| disease diffusion | how diseases move from place to place |
| maladaption | a country's inability to adapt to diseases or other problems |
| sustainability | the ability in which a country sustains its population |
| epidemiological transition model | distinctive causes of death in the demographic transition |
| demographic equation | equates size distribution and composition of populations |
| dependency ratio | amount of people 15 and younger and 65+ in relation to others |
| doubling time | the amount of time it takes for a population to double itself |
| overpopulation | when a country's population ougrows the environment's capacity for life |
| underpopulation | when a country doesn't have enough people to manage all the neccessary jobs for economic growth |
| carrying capacity | amount of people a region can support |
| population projection | estimation of future population growth |
| neo-malthusian | people who supported and grew off of malthus's predictions |
| demographic momentum | the rate at which a population is changing |
| push-pull factors | factors that induce people to move to or from a location |
| voluntary | permanent movement undertaken by choice |
| forced | permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors |
| transmigration | The movement of people from one area of a country to another, often to relieve population pressure. |
| refugee | people who are forced to migrate from their home country and can not return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion |
| migration patterns | patterns in which people migrate by |
| intercontinental mig. patterns | migrations patterns within coninents |
| interregional mig. patterns | permanent movement from one region of a country to another |
| rural-urban mig. patters | permanent movement from a rural area to an urban area |
| place utility | utilizing a place for its abilities |
| activity space | The space in which the majority of a person's activities are carried out. |
| personal space | The zone around an individual which he reserves for himself. |
| space-time prism | prism which forcasts variables within time and space |
| gravity model | A model of the interaction between two places in relation to their distance apart. |
| distance decay | the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin |
| step migration | A type of migration which occurs in a series of movements, for example from a hamlet to a village, from a village to a town, and from a town to a city. |
| chain migration | migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
| intervening opportunity | an enviromental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration |
| cyclic movement | movements that occur on a regular basis |
| migratory movement | form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location |
| periodic movement | movement for only a short period of time |
| transhumance | seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures |
| internal migration | migration within a country |
| agricultural labor force | the labour force engaged in agriculture including farmers; stock raisers; farm managers and foremen; farm labourers; the personnel of establishments primarily engaged in custom threshing, ploughing, etc; varies between MDCs an LDCs |
| calorie consumption | the amount of food in calories consumed by each person in a nation |
| core-periphery model | assumption of static expectations; states that migration is the key to agglomeration, but migrants base their decision on current wage differences alone |
| cultural convergence | moving toward or to achieve union or a common conclusion or result between various cultures |
| dependency theory | the body of social science theories by various intellectuals, both from the Third World and the First World, that create a worldview which suggests that the wealthy nations of the world need a peripheral group of poorer states in order to remain wealthy. |
| development | development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants |
| energy consumption | the amount of energy used by a nation |
| foreign direct investment | movement of capital across national frontiers in a manner that grants the investor control over the acquired asset |
| gender | sexual identity, especially in relation to society or culture, and its effect |
| gross domestic product (GDP) | total value of final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year, regardless of ownership. It may be used as one of many indicators of the standard of living in a country |
| gross national product (GNP) | The total market value of all the goods and services produced by a nation during a specified period |
| human development index | a comparative measure of poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, childbirth, and other factors for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare |
| levels of development | more developed (MDC) and less developed (LDC); methods of determining development of nations |
| measures of development | economic, social, and demographic indicators which distinguish a country's level of development |
| neo-colonialism | a term used to describe certain economic operations at the international level which have alleged similarities to the traditional colonialism of the 16th to the 19th centuries. The contention is that governments have aimed to control other nations through |
| physical quality of life index | an attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is a single number derived from basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale. |
| purchaisng power parity | an estimate of the exchange rate required to equalise the purchasing power of different currencies, given the prices of goods and services in the countries concerned |
| W.W. Rostow | an American economist prominent for his staunch opposition to Communism and belief in the efficacy of capitalism and free enterprise |
| "Stages of Growth" model | the purpose of this model is both to be able to understand the current situation in terms of a specific stage as well as to be able to develop strategies to move to a higher stage in the future |
| technology gap | the differing level of available technology amongst nations, specifically LDCs and MDCs |
| technology transfer | the process of developing practical applications for the results of scientific research |
| world systems theory | explores the role and relationships between societies, created in response to the many new activities in the capitalist world-economy during the mid 1970s |
| acid rain | any type of precipitation with a pH that is unusually low; causes damage to crops, structures, etc. |
| agglomeration | an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place (usually a municipality) and any suburbs or adjacent satellite towns; urbanized area |
| agglomeration economies | a powerful force that help explain the advantages of the "clustering effect" of many activities ranging from retailing to transport terminals |
| air pollution | concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrgoetn oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than ocurs in average air |
| aluminum industry | a major U.S. industry, producing almost $39.1 billion in products and exports |
| factors of production | elements that contrl or limit the effectiveness of production |
| assembly line | a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product |
| production/Fordism | form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly |
| bid rent theory | suggests different functions will bid differently for land in various parts of the city; the more accessible the site of land, the higher is its value |
| break-of-bulk point | a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another |
| canadian industrial heartland | Ontario has evolved as the country's industrial heartland, partly because it could offer secure supplies of competitively-priced electricity over the past 100 years |
| carrier efficiency | ability of transportation to move products efficiently |
| comparative advantage | explains why it can be beneficial for two countries to trade, even though one of them may be able to produce every kind of item more cheaply than the other |
| cumulative causation | continuous and building process of causing in industry |
| deglomeration | The movement of industrial activity away from areas of concentration |
| deindustrialization | The decreasing significance of industrial employment in developed economies. |
| economic sectors | divisions of economics, including oil&gas, minerals, manufacturing, forestry, etc. |
| economies of scale | Factors that cause average cost to be lower in large-scale operations than in small-scale ones, therefore doubling ithe output results in a less than double increase in costs |
| eco-tourism | An environmentally friendly alternative form of tourism |
| energy resources | includes fossil fuels, solar, nuclear, wind, tiday, hyrdo, etc., sources from which energy are obtained |
| entrepot | a trading centre, or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit |
| export processing zone | eases tax and labor restrictions and their primary purpose is to generate export revenues in poor developing countries |
| fixed costs | prices for fuel that cannot be adjusted |
| footloose industry | An industry which has a relatively free choice of location and is not influenced by access to markets or raw materials |
| four tigers | refers to the economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. These territories and nations were noted for maintaining high growth rates and rapid industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s |
| greehouse effect | anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface |
| growth poles | A small area within a country in which new economic development is targeted |
| heartland/rimland | Rimland is the maritime fringe of a country or continent; in particular, the densely populated western, southern, and eastern edges of the Eurasian continent; Heartland is most often a geopolitical term used to refer to a central area of Eurasia |
| industrial location theory | The theoretical reasons for the location of industrial activity |
| industrial regions | specified regions of particular industries based on theory |
| fuel source | resources for fuel power, such as coal, oil, petroleum, based on availability |
| characteristics of Industrial regions | highly centralized, technologically developed |
| industrial revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transfomed the process of manufacturing goods |
| receding industry | declination in industry |
| growing industry | industry that is increasing |
| infrastructure | The communication networks, administration and power supply necessary for economic development. |
| international division of labor | The separation of the different components of industry and the allocation of each component to a different location world-wide |
| labor-intensive | and industry for which labor costs compromise a high percentage of total expenses |
| least-cost location | A site chosen for industrial development where total costs are at their theoretical lowest, as opposed to location at the point of maximum revenue |
| major manufacturing regions | the U.S., Japan, Soviet Union, Europe |
| manufacturing exports | Consists of companies that convert raw materials from a primary industry into finished goods or which assemble components made by other manufacturing companies. This is a secondary industry. |
| manufacturing/warehouse location | near the final destination of the product |
| industrial parks | A planned area with small, purpose built factory units often located near transport routes. |
| shared services | a business term referring to the consolidation and sharing of services by different units within an organization |
| zoning | limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community |
| transportation (manufacturing) | determines where certain areas of the industry are located, based on transportation costs |
| taxes (manufacturing) | also determine where things are assembled |
| maquiladora | factories built by the U.S. companies in Mexico or near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico |
| market orientation | The tendency of an industry to locate close to its market |
| multiplier effect | A new or expanding economic activity in an area creating extra employment and raising the total purchasing power of the population, which in turn attracts further economic development creating more employment, services and wealth |
| environmental considerations | possibilities that weigh into decisions based on the environment |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement; a free trade agreement among Canada, the United States, and Mexico |
| outsourcing | often defined as the delegation of non-core operations or jobs from internal production within a business to an external entity (such as a subcontractor) that specializes in that operation |
| ozone depletion | the chemical destruction of the gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere above Earth's surface |
| plant location | based on relative distance from market and transporation cost |
| supplies (plant location) | found around the plant itself |
| "just in time" delivery | Where costs are minimised by not stockpiling raw materials and finished goods on site. Carefully planned scheduling of resources ensures that manufacturing industry can meet demand, but lower storage costs |
| postindustrial | a proposed name for an economy that has undergone a specific series of changes in structure after a process of industrialization |
| refrigeration | generally the cooling of food by the transfer of a portion of its heat away from it to expand perishability |
| resource crisis | The consumption of non-renewable, finite resources which will eventually lead to their exhaustion |
| resource orientation | The tendency of secondary industry to locate near the source of its raw material or materials |
| Special Economic Zones (China) | found in Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province, and designated the entire province of Hainan a special economic zone |
| Specialized Economic Zones | a geographical region that has economic laws different from a country's typical economic laws |
| Manufacturing export zone | area where exports are shipped from |
| high-tech zone | an area with the use of sophisticated and often very complex equipment and techniques. 'Hi-Tech' industry, for example. |
| subsitution principle | states industries can be exchanged or subsituted when they become too costly |
| threshold/range | the minimum number of people needed to support the service |
| time-space compression | Improvements in transport systems reduces the time-space distance between places. |
| topocide | defined as the deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed |
| trade (complimentarity) | the complimentary import / export of produced goods from producers to consumers |
| transnational corporation | a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are found |
| ubiquitous | Material available anywhere and not having a locational pull. Common in industrial location theory. |
| variable costs | A method of costing an industrial location in terms of the spatial variations in production and costs |
| Alfred Weber | German economist, sociologist and theoretician of culture and his work was influential in the development of modern economic geography |
| Weight-gaining | increasing the weight of a product |
| weight-losing | decreasing the weight of a product |
| world cities | major industrial centers of the earth |
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