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Gastro Sys Ch. 26
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the six main parts or organs of the digestive system? | - Mouth - Esophagus - Pharynx - Stomach - Small intestine - Large intestine |
| What are the six ACCESSORY organs of the digestive system? | - Teeth - Tongue - Salivary glands - Liver - Gallbladder - Pancreas |
| ______ occurs as the teeth break up the food pieces into smaller particles. | Masitcation |
| ______ moistens the food to ease swallowing and adds predigestive enzymes to the mix. | Saliva |
| The ______ moves the ball of chewed food, or bolus, to the uvula, and both assist in swallowing. | tongue |
| Throat | Pharynx |
| Windpipe | Trachea |
| Before the food is swallowed, the carbohydrate content of the food is chemically broken down by an amylase enzyme into simple sugars or monosaccharides. What is the amylase enzyme called? | ptyalin |
| Building blocks of carbohydrates | monosaccharides |
| Three parts of the stomach | - fundus - body - pylorus |
| A wave of synchronized contractions | peristalslis |
| Building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| Three parts of the small intestine | - duodenum - jejunum - ileum |
| Stored bile from the gallbladder is sent to the small intestine to break up large molecules of fats into smaller ones, a process called________ | emulsification |
| Three enzymes of the pancreas | - Trypsin (a protease): breaks down protein/amino acids - Amylopsin (a amylase): breaks down remaining carbohydrate - Steapsin (a lipase): breaks down smaller fat into fatty acids and glycerol |
| The majority of absorption occurs here. | Small intestine |
| Sections of the large intestine | - Cecum - Ascending colon - Transverse colon - Descending colon - Sigmoid colon - Rectum - Anus |
| How long does food waste and bacteria remain in the large intestine? | 30 hours |
| Common disorders of the digestive system | - GERD(Gastroesophageal Relfux Disease) - Nausea and/or vomiting - Ulcers - Diarrhea - Constipation - Flatulence - Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Crohn's Disease - Ulcerative Colitis - Diverticulitis |
| Gastrointestinal stimulant or an antiemetic/antinauseant | Metoclopramide |
| Prostaglandins promote.... | .... inflammation, pain, and fever |
| COX-1 (enzyme cyclooxygenase) produces ________ within the body's cells that support platelets and protect the stomach. | prostaglandins |
| NSAIDs block all COX enzymes, reducing the stomach's natural defenses and promote ulcer development.... | ...Newer COX-2 inhibiting NSAIDs are therefore much less likely to produce stomach ulcers. |
| Brand Name: Donnatal Generic Name: belladonna alkaloids Drug class: antispasmodics | Used to treat IBS and ulcers in the intestine |
| Two prescriptions that treat loose bowel movements... | - Lomotil: available in liquid suspension - Octreotide: injection |
| OTC drugs to cure/treat symptoms of diarrhea... | - Imodium (loperamide) - Bismuth (Kaopectate and PeptoBismol) |
| Prescriptions to manage IBS | - antidepressants - antidiarrheals - antispasmodics - benzodiazepines - anitbiotics - probiotics |
| Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates... | 45% to 65% of daily caloric intake (DCI) |
| RDA | Recommended Daily Allowances |
| DRI | Daily Reference Intake |
| What publication is used to reference RDA/DRI? | Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans; developed in 1980 by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the USDA. |
| Where is Vitamin A (retinol) found? | carrots, apricot, squash, peaches and spinach, beef liver and fish liver oil |
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | A, D, E, K |
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, C |
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine): carbohydrate metabolism | Found in fortified bread and cereals, sunflower seeds, peanuts, wheat bran, beef liver, pork, seafood, egg yolk, and beans |
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin): needed for the health of the mucous membranes in the digestive tract and in absorption of iron and vitamin B6 | Found in liver, kidney heart, nuts, cheese, eggs, milk, green leafy vegetables, whole grains and fortified cereals |
| Vitamin B3 (niacin): vital in protein metabolism | Found in lean meats, poultry, fish, liver, and peanuts |
| Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid): | Found in beef, brewer's yeast, eggs, fresh vegetables, kidney, legumes, liver, mushrooms, nuts, pork, fish, whole rye flour, and whole wheat. |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): | Found in fortified cereals, beans, meat, poultry, fish, and some fruits and vegetables |
| Vitamin B9 (folic acid): | Found in barley, beef, bran, brewer's yeast, brown rice, cheese, chicken, dates, green leafy vegetables, lamb, legumes, lentils, liver, milk, mushrooms, oranges, split peas, pork, root vegetables, salmon, tuna, wheat germ, whole grains and whole wheat. |
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocombalamin): | Found in mollusks, clams, beef liver, rainbow trout, and fortified cereals. |
| How many minerals are essential for human nutrition? | 21 |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): | Found in citrus fruits including oranges, lemons, limes and grapefruits. |
| Water makes up what percentage of an adult's body weight? | 60% |
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